Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The translation of mRNA: protein synthesis

  • Chapter
The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids

  • 243 Accesses

Abstract

The structural genes of cellular DNA contain the genetic information to specify proteins. The sequence of amino acids in proteins is determined by, and is colinear with [1, 2], the sequence of bases in the DNA. In the process of transcription (Chapter 8) the genetic information is transferred from the DNA to messenger RNA. It is from the mRNA that the four-letter language of the genetic information of the nucleic acids is translated into the twenty-letter language of the proteins. This process of protein biosynthesis occurs on the ribosome and involves the participation of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Particular emphasis on the part played by the nucleic acids will be given in the following account of translation. More detailed treatment of this subject may be found elsewhere [3–9].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sarabhai, A. S., Stretton, A. O. W., Brenner, S. and Bolle, A. (1964), Nature (London), 201, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yanofski, C., Carlton, B. C., Guest, J. R., Helinski, D. R. and Henning, V. (1964), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 51, 266.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lengyel, P. (1974), in Ribosomes (ed. M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel ), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Monograph Series, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Weissbach, H. and Pestka, S. (1977), Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Weissbach, H. (1979), in Ribosomes: Structure, Function and Genetics (ed. G. Chambliss, G. R. Craven, J. Davies, K. Davis, L. Kahan and M. Nomura), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 377.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Perez-Bercoff, R. (1982), Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hunt, T., Prentis, S. and Tooze, J. (1983), DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein, Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Clark, B. F. C. and Petersen, H. U. (1984), Gene Expression: The Translational Step and its Control, Munskgaard, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Moldave, K. (1985), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 54, 1109.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hoagland, M. B., Zamecnik, P. C. and Stephenson, M. L. (1957), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 24, 215.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hoagland, M. B., Stephenson, M. L., Scott, J. F., Hecht, L. I. and Zamecnik, P. C. (1958), J. Biol. Chem, 231, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goddard, J. P. (1977), Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol, 32, 233.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Offengand, J. (1982), in Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes (ed. R. Perez-Bercoff), Plenum, New York, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Schevitz, R. W., Podjarny, A. D., Krishna- machari, N., Hughes, J. J. and Sigler, P. B. (1979), Nature (London), 278, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Woo, N. H., Roe, B. A. and Rich, A. (1980), Nature (London), 286, 346.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Westhof, E., Dumas, P. and Moras, D. (1985), J. Mol. Biol, 184, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Quigley, G. J. and Rich, A. (1976), Science, 194, 796.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Crick, F. H. C. (1967), Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 167, 331.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Woese, C. R. (1967), The Genetic Code. The Molecular Basis for Genetic Expression. Harper and Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Jukes, T. H. and Gatlin, L. (1971), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 11, 303.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jukes, T. H. (1977), in Comprehensive Bio-chemistry (ed. M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz ), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 24, p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Crick, F. H. C., Barnett, L., Brenner, S. and Watts-Tobin, R. J. (1961), Nature (London), 192, 1227.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Crick, F. H. C. (1966), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 31, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Matthaei, J. H. and Nirenberg, M. W. (1961), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 47, 1580.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nirenberg, M. W. and Matthaei, J. H. (1961), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 47, 1588.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nirenberg, M. W., Matthaei, J. H., Jones, O. W., Martin, R. G. and Barondes, S. H. (1963), Fed. Proc, 22, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Speyer, J. S., Lengyel, P., Basilio, C., Wahba, A. J., Gardner, R. S. and Ochoa, S. (1963), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 28, 559.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Khorana, H. G. (1965), Fed. Proc, 24, 1473.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Khorana, H. G., Biichi, H., Ghosh, H., Gupta, N., Jacob, T. M., Kossel, H., Morgan, R., Narang, S. A., Ohtsuka, E. and Wells, R. D. (1966), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 31, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nirenberg, M. and Leder, P. (1964), Science, 145, 1399.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Leder, P. and Nirenberg, M. (1964), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 52, 420.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nirenberg, M., Caskey, C. T., Marshall, R., Brimacombe, R., Kelly, D., Doctor, B., Hatfield, D., Levin, J., Rottman, F., Pestka, S., Wilcox, F. and Anderson, W. F. (1966), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 31, 11.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wittmann, H. G. (1962), Z. Vererbungslehre, 93, 491.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wittmann, H. G. and Wittmann-Liebold, B. (1963), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 28, 589.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fraenkel-Conrat, H. (1964), Sci. Am, 211 (4), 46.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Yanofsky, C. (1967), Sci. Am, 216 (5), 80.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Terzaghi, E., Okada, Y., Streisinger, G., Emrich, J., Inouye, M. and Tsugita, A. (1966), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 56, 500.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Adams, J. M., Jeppesen, P. G. N., Sanger, F. and Barrell, B. G. (1969), Nature (London), 223, 1009.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fiers, W., Contreras, R., Duerinck, F., Hage- man, G., Iserentant, D., Merregaert, J., Min Jou, W., Molemans, F., Raeymaekers, A., Van den Berghe, A., Volckaert, G. and Ysebaert, M. (1976), Nature (London), 260, 500.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pribnow, D., Sigurdson, C., Gold, L., Singer, B. S., Napoli, C., Brosius, J., Dull, T. J. and Noller, H. F. (1981), J. Mol. Biol, 149, 337.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Benzer, S. and Champe, S. P. (1962), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 48, 1114.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Brenner, S., Stretton, A. O. W. and Kaplan, S. (1965), Nature (London), 206, 994.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Brenner, S., Barnett, L., Katz, E. R. and Crick, F. H. C. (1967), Nature (London), 213, 449.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Goodman, H. M., Abelson, J., Landy, A., Brenner, S. and Smith, J. D. (1968), Nature (London), 217, 1019.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Marcker, K. A. and Sanger, F. (1964), J. Mol. Biol, 8, 835.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Waller, J. P. (1963), J. Mol. Biol, 10, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Adams, J. M. and Capecchi, M. R. (1966), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 55, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Webster, R. E., Engelhardt, D. L. and Zinder, N. S. (1966), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 55, 155.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Adams, J. M. (1968), J. Mol. Biol., 34, 571.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Takeda, M. and Webster, R. E. (1968), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 60, 1487.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dube, S. K., Marcker, K. A., Clark, B. F. C. and Cory, S. (1968), Nature (London), 218, 232.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cory, S., Marcker, K. A., Dube, S. K. and Clark, B. F. C. (1968), Nature (London), 220, 1039.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Marcker, K. A., Clark, B. F. C. and Anderson, J. S. (1966), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 31, 279.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Delk, A. S. and Rabinowitz, J. C. (1974), Nature (London), 252, 106.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Woo, N. H., Roe, B. A. and Rich, A. (1980), Nature (London), 286, 346.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Shevitz, R. W., Podjarny, A. D., Krishna- machari, N., Hughes, J. J., Sigler, P. B. and Sussman, J. L. (1979), Nature (London), 278, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ghosh, H. P., Söll, D. and Khorana, H. G. (1967), J. Mol. Biol, 25, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kozak, M. (1983), Microbiol. Rev, 47, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Sacerdot, C., Fayat, G., Dessen, P., Springer, M., Plumbridge, J. A., Grunberg-Manago, M. and Blanquet, S. (1982), EMBO J, 1, 311.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Crick, F. H. C. (1966), J. Mol. Biol, 19, 548.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lagerkvist, U. (1978), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 1759.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Samuelsson, T., Axberg, T., Boren, T. and Lagerkvist, U. (1983), J. Biol. Chem, 258, 13 178.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sprinzl, M., Moll, J., Meissner, F. and Hart-mann, T. (1985), Nucleic Acids Res., 13, rl.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Marshall, R. E., Caskey, C. T. and Nirenberg, M. (1967), Science, 155, 820.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Fox, T. D. (1985), Nature (London), 314, 132.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lagerkvist, U., Rymo, L. and Waldenstrom, J. (1966), J. Biol. Chem, 241, 5391.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Julius, D. J., Fräser, T. H. and Rich, A. (1979), Biochemistry, 18, 604.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Griffin,B. E.,Jarman,M.,Reese,C. B.,Sulston, J. E. and Trentham, D. R. (1966), Biochemistry, 5, 3638.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Zachau, H. G. and Feldman, H. (1965), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 4, 217.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Schimmel, P. R. and Söll, D. (1979), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 48, 601.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Jasin, M., Regan, L. and Schimmel, P. (1983), Nature (London), 306, 441.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Blow, D. M. and Brick, P. (1985), in The Structure of Biological Macromolecules and Assemblies: Vol. 2. Nucleic Acids and Interactive Proteins (ed. F. A. Jurnak and A. McPherson), Wiley, New York, p. 442.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Chapeville, F., Lipmann, F., von Ehrenstein, G., Weisblum, B., Ray, W. J., Jr and Benzer, S. (1962), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 48, 1086.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Baldwin, A. N. and Berg, P. (1966), J. Biol. Chem, 241, 839.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Fersht, A. R. (1979), in Transfer RNA: Structure, Properties and Recognition (ed. P. R. Schimmel, D. Söll and J. N. Abelson ), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Monograph Series, p. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Dintzis, H. M. (1961), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 47, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Thach, R. E., Cecere, M. A., Sundrararajan, T. A. and Doty, P. (1965), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 54, 1167.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Byrne, R., Levin, J. G., Bladen, H. A. and Nirenberg, M. W. (1964), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 52, 140.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Miller, O. L., Jr, Hamkalo, B. A. and Thomas, C. A. (1970), Science, 169, 392.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lacroute, F. and Stent, G. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 35, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Knopf, P. M. and Lamfrom, H. (1965), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 95, 398.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Maden, B. E. H., Traut, R. R. and Monro, R. E. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 35, 333.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Harris, R. J. and Pestka, S. (1977) in Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (ed. H. Weissbach and S. Pestka), Academic Press, New York, p. 413.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lake, J. A. (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 1903.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Rheinberger, H.-J., Sternbach, H. and Nierhaus, K. H. (1981), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 5310.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Rich, A. (1974) in Ribosomes (ed. N. Momura, A. Tissiéres and P. Lengyel ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 871.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Warner, J., Knopf, P. M. and Rich, A. (1963), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 49, 122.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wettstein, F. O., Staehelin, T. and Noll, H. (1963), Nature (London), 197, 430.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lodish, H. F. and Jacobsen, M. (1972), J. Biol. Chem., 247, 3622.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Heywood, S. M., Dowben, R. M. and Rich, A. (1967), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 57, 1002.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Wold, F. and Moldave, K. (1984), Methods Enzymol., 106.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Wold, F. and Moldave, K. (1985), Methods Enzymol., 107.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kleinkauf, H. and von Döhren, H. (1983), Trends Biochem. Sci., 8, 281.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Caskey, T., Leder, P., Moldave, K. and Schles- singer, D. (1972), Science, 176, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Grunberg-Manago, M. and Gros, F. (1977), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 20, 209.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Revel, M. (1977), in Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (ed. H. Weissbach and S. Pestka), Academic Press, New York, p. 245.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Grunberg-Manago, M. (1980) in Ribosomes: Structure, Function and Genetics (ed. G. Chambliss, G. R. Craven, J. Davies, K. Davis, L. Kahan and M. Nomura), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 445.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Maitra, U., Stringer, E. A. and Chaudhuri, A. (1982), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 51, 869.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Guthrie, C. and Nomura, M. (1968), Nature (London), 219, 232.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Stanley, W. M., Salas, M., Wabha, A. J. and Ochoa, S. (1966), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 56, 290.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Iwasaki, K., Sabol, S., Wabha, A. J. and Ochoa, S. (1968), Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 125, 542.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Revel, M., Lelong, J. C., Brawerman, G. and Gros, F. (1968), Nature (London), 219, 1016.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Steitz, J. A. (1969), Nature (London), 224, 957.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hershey, J. W. B., Yanov, J., Johnston, K. and Fakunding, J. L. (1977), Arch. Biochem. Bio-phys, 182, 626.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Nakamoto, T. and Kolakofsky, D. (1966), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 55, 606.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Lucas-Lenard, J. and Lipmann, F. (1967), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 57, 1050.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Sabol, S., Sillero, M. A. G., Iwasaki, K. and Ochoa, S. (1970), Nature (London), 228, 1269.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Vermeer, C., Van Alphen, W., Van Knippen- berg, P. H. and Bosch, L. (1973), Eur. J. Biochem, 40, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Salas, M., Hille, M. B., Last, J. A., Wabha, A. J. and Ochoa, S. (1967), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 57, 387.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Shine, J. and Dalgarno, L. (1974), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 71, 1342.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Steege, D. A. (1977), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 4163.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Chae, Y.-B., Mazumder, R. and Ochoa, S. (1969), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 63, 828.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Lockwood, A. H., Chakraborty, P. R. and Maitra, U. (1971), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 68, 3122.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Anderson, J. S., Dahlberg, J. E., Bretscher, M. S., Revel, M. and Clark, B. F. C. (1967), Nature (London), 216, 1072.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Benne, R., Ebes, F. and Voorma, H. O. (1973), Eur. J. Biochem, 38, 265.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Thach, S. S. and Thach, R. E. (1971), Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 68, 1791.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Kuechler, E. (1911), Nature (London) New Biol, 234, 216.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Plumbridge, J. A., Deville, F., Sacerdot, C., Petersen, H. U., Cenatiempo, Y., Cozzone, A., Grunberg-Manago, M. and Hershey, J, W. B. (1985), EMBO J, 4, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Miller, D. L. and Weissbach, H. (1977), in Molecular Mechanisms for Protein Biosynthesis (ed. H. Weissbach and S. Pestka), Academic Press, New York, p. 324.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Bermek, E. (1978), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 21, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Clark, B. F. C. (1983), in DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein (ed. T. Hunt, S. Prentis and J. Tooze), Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Haenni, A.-L. and Lucas-Lenard, J. (1968), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 61, 1363.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Erbe, R. W., Nau, M. M. and Leder, P. (1969), J. Mol. Biol, 39, 441.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Gupta, S. L., Waterson, J., Sopori, M. L., Weissman, S. and Lengyel, P. (1971), Bio-chemistry, 10, 4410.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Lucas-Lenard, J. and Lipmann, F. (1966), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 55, 1562.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Jones, M. D., Petersen, T. E., Nielsen, K. M., Magnusson, S., Sottrup-Jensen, L., Gausing, K. and Clark, B. F. C. (1980), Eur. J. Biochem, 108, 507.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ravel, J. M., Shorey, R. L. and Shive, W. (1967), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 29, 68.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Ono, Y., Skoultchi, A., Klein, A. and Lengyel, P. (1968), Nature (London), 220, 1304.

    Google Scholar 

  129. An, G., Bendiak, D. S., Mamelak, L. A. and Friesen, J. D. (1981), Nucleic Acids Res, 9, 4163.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Weissbach, H., Redfield, B. and Brot, N. (1971), Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 144, 224.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Beaud, G. and Lengyel, P. (1971), Biochemistry, 10, 4899.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Rubin, J. R., Morikawa, K., Nyborg, J., La Cour, T. F. M., Clark, B. F. C. and Miller, D. L. (1981), FEBS Lett, 129, 111.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Wilkman, F. P., Siboska, G. E., Petersen, H. U. and Clark, B. F. C. (1982), EMBO J, 1 (9), 1095.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Adkins, H. J., Miller, D. L. and Johnson, A. E. (1983), Biochemistry, 22, 1208.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Traut, R. R. and Monro, R. E. (1964), J. Mol. Biol., 10, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Monro, R. E. (1967), J. Mol. Biol., 26, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Monro, R. E., Cèrna, J. and Marcker, K. A. (1968), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 61, 1042.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Rychlik, I., Chlädek, S. and Zemliöka, J. (1967), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 138, 640.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Parmeggiani, A. and Gottchalk, E. M. (1969), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 34, 377.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Leder, P., Skogerson, L. E. and Nau, M. M. (1969), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 62, 454.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Brot, N., Ertel, R. and Weissbach, H. (1968), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 31, 563.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Lucas-Lenard, J. and Haenni, A-L. (1969), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 63, 93.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Richman, N. and Bodley, J. W. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 686.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Cabrer, B., Vázquez, D. and Modellel, J. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 733.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Miller, D. L. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 752.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Pestka, S. (1969), J. Biol. Chem, 244, 1533.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Gavrilova, L. T. and Spirin, A. S. (1971), FEBS Lett, 11, 324.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Hopfield, J. J. (1974), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 71, 4135.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Ninio (1975), Biochimie, 57, 587.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Tate, W. P. and Caskey, C. T. (1974), in The Enzymes (ed. P. D. Boyer ), Academic Press, New York, Vol. 10, p. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Caskey, C. T. (1977), in Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (ed. H. Weissbach and S. Pestka), Academic Press, New York, p. 443.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Tate, W. P. (1984), in Peptide and Protein Reviews (ed. M. T. W. Hearn ), Dekker, New York, Vol. 2, p. 173.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Ganoza, M. C. (1966), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 31, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Capecchi, M. R. (1967), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 58, 1144.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Scolnick, E., Tompkins, R., Caskey, T. and Nirenberg, M. (1968), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 61, 768.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Milman, G., Goldstein, J., Scolnick, E. and Caskey, T. (1969), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 63, 183.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Hirashima, A. and Kaji, A. (1972), Biochemistry, 11, 4037.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Bretscher, M. S. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 34, 131.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Capecchi, M. R. and Klein, H. A. (1969), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol, 34, 469.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Caskey, C. T., Tomkins, R., Scolnick, E., Caryk, T. and Nirenberg, M. (1968), Science, 162, 135.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Craigen, W. J., Cook, R. G., Tate, W. P. and Caskey, C. T. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 3616.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Goldstein, J. L. and Caskey, C. T. (1970), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 67, 537.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Fahnestock, S., Neumann, H., Shashoua, V. and Rich, A. (1970), Biochemistry, 9, 2477.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Vogel, Z., Zamir, A. and Elson, D. (1969), Biochemistry, 8, 5161.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Ogawa, K. and Kaji, A. (1975), Eur. J. Biochem, 58, 411.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Kung, H.-F., Treadwell, B. V., Spears, C., Tai, P.-C. and Weissbach, H. (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 3217.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Davis, B. D. (1971), Nature (London), 231, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Subramanian, A. R., Ron, E. Z. and Davis, B. D. (1968), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 61, 761.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Subramanian, A. R. and Davis, B. D. (1970), Nature (London), 228, 1273.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Kaempfer, R. (1972), J. Mol. Biol, 71, 583.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Naaktgeboren, N., Roobol, K. and Voorma, H. O. (1977), Eur. J. Biochem, 72, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Miall, S. H. and Tamaoki, T. (1972), Bio-chemistry, 11, 4826.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Kohli, J. and Grosjean, H. (1981), Mol. Gen. Genet, 182, 430.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Miller, J. H. and Albertini, A. M. (1983), J. Mol. Biol, 164, 59.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Bossi, L. (1983), J. Mol. Biol, 164, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Smith, A. E. and Marcker, K. A. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 38, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Caskey, C. T., Redfield, B. and Weissbach, H. (1967), Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 120, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Smith, A. E. and Marcker, K. A. (1970), Nature (London), 226, 607.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Brown, J. C. and Smith, A. E. (1970), Nature (London), 226, 610.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Mathews, M. B. and Korner, A. (1970), Eur. J. Biochem, 17, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Jackson, R. and Hunter, T. (1970), Nature (London), 227, 672.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Wilson, D. B. and Dintzis, H. M. (1970), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 66, 1282.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Wigle, D. T. and Dixon, G. H. (1970), Nature (London), 221, 676.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Anderson, W. F., Bosch, L., Cohn, W. E., Lodish, H., Merrick, W. C., Weissbach, H., Wittmann, H. G. and Wool, I. G. (1977), FEBS Lett, 76, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Thomas, A. A. M., Benne, R. and Voorma, H. O. (1981), FEBS Lett, 128, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Shatkin, A. J. (1985), Cell, 40, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Kozak, M. (1978), Cell, 15, 1109.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Kozak, M. (1984), Nucleic Acids Res, 12, 857.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Sherman, F., McKnight, G. and Stewart, J. W. (1980), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 609, 343.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Darnborough, C., Legón, S., Hunt, T. and Jackson, R. (1973), J. Mol. Biol, 76, 379.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Schreier, M. H. and Staehelin, T. (1973), Nature (London) New Biol, 242, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Chen, Y. C., Woodley, C. L., Bose, K. K. and Gupta, N. K. (1972), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 48, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Strauss, E. G., Rice, C. M. and Strauss, J. H. (1984), Virology, 133, 92.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Sonenberg, N., Rupprecht, K. M., Hecht, S. M. and Shatkin, A. J. (1979), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 4345.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Edery, I., Humbelin, M., Darveau, A., Lee, K.A.W., Milburn, S., Hershey, J.W.B.,Trachsel, H. and Sonenberg, N. (1983), J. Biol. Chem., 258, 11 398.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Marcus, A. (1970), J. Biol. Chem, 245, 955.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Trachsel, H., Schreier, M. H., Erni, B. and Staehelin, T. (1977), J. Mol. Biol, 116, 727.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Grifo, J. A., Abramson, R. D., Satler, C. A. and Merrick, W. C. (1984), J. Biol. Chem, 259, 8648.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Safer, B. (1983), Cell, 33, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Gehrke, L., Auron, P. E., Quigley, G. J., Rich, A. and Sonenberg, N. (1983), Biochemistry, 22, 5157.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Furuichi, Y., La Fiandra, A. and Shatkin, A. J. (1977), Nature (London), 266, 235.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Trachsel, H. and Staehelin, T. (1979), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 565, 305.

    Google Scholar 

  203. McKeehan, W. L. and Hardesty, B. (1969), J. Biol. Chem, 244, 4330.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Schneir, M. and Moldave, K. (1968), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 166, 58.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Van Hemert, F. J., Amons, R., Pluijms, W. J. M., Van Ormondt, H. and Möller, W. (1984), EMBO J, 3, 1109.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Iwasaki, K., Mizumoto, K., Tanaka, M. and Kaziro, Y. (1973), J. Biochem. Tokyo, 74, 849.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Prather, N., Ravel, J. M., Hardesty, B. and Shive, W. (1974), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 57, 578.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Slobin, L. I. and Möller, W. (1978), Eur. J. Biochem, 84, 69.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Nagata, S., Motoyoshi, K. and Iwasaki, K. (1976), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commuun, 71, 933.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Richter, D. and Lipmann, F. (1970), Nature (London), 227, 1212.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Slobin, L. I. (1980), Eur. J. Biochem, 110, 555.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Nagata, S., Nagashima, K., Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y., Fujimura, K., Miyazaki, M. and Kaziro, Y. (1984), EMBO J, 3, 1825.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Galasinski, W. and Moldave, K. (1969), J. Biol. Chem, 244, 6527.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Raeburn, S., Collins, J. F., Moon, H. M. and Maxwell, E. S. (1975), J. Biol. Chem, 250, 720.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Collier, R. J. (1975), Bacteriol. Rev, 39, 54.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Van Ness, B. G., Howard, J.B. and Bodley, J. W. (1980), J.Biol.Chem., 255, 10 710.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Neth, R., Monro, R. E., Heller, G. Battaner, E. and Vázquez, D. (1970), FEBS Lett, 6, 198.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Goldstein, J. L., Beaudet, A. L. and Caskey, C. T. (1970), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 67, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Beaudet, A. L. and Caskey, C. T. (1971), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 68, 619.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Hogan, B. L. and Korner, A. (1968), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 169, 139.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Kaempfer, R. (1969), Nature (London), 222, 950.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Russell, D. W. and Spremulli, L. L. (1979), J. Biol. Chem, 254, 8796.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Valenzuela, D. M., Chaudhuri, A. and Maitra, U. (1982), J. Biol. Chem, 257, 7712.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Palade, G. (1975), Science, 189, 347.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Leader, D. P. (1983), in DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein (ed. T. Hunt, S. Prentis and J. Tooze), Elsevier Biomedical, Amsterdam, p. 257.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Milstein, C., Brownlee, G. G., Harrison, T. M. and Mathews, M. B. (1972), Nature (London) New Biol, 239, 117.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Blobel, G. and Dobberstein, B. (1975), J. Cell Biol, 67, 835.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Blobel, G., Walter, P., Chang, C. N., Goldman, B. N., Erickson, A. H. and Lingappa, V. R. (1979), Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol, 33, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Walter, P. and Blobel, G. (1982), Nature (London), 299, 691.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Meyer, D., Krause, E. and Dobberstein, B. (1982), Nature (London), 297, 647.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Kreibich, G., Freienstein, C. M., Pereyra, P. N., Ulrich, B. C. and Sabatini, D. D. (1978), J. Cell Biol, 11, 488.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Walter, P., Gilmore, R. and Blobel, G. (1984), Cell, 38, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Randall, L. L. and Hardy, S.J. (1984), Microbiol. Rev, 48, 290.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Meek, R. L., Walsh, K.A. and Palmiter, R.D.(1982), J. Biol. Chem., 257,12 245.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Inouye, S., Soberon, X., Franceschini, T., Nakamura, K., Itakura, K. and Inouye, M. (1982), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 3438.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Fischer, H. D., Gonzalez-Noriega, A., Sly, W. S. and Morré, D. J. (1980), J. Biol. Chem, 255, 9608.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Palade, G. E. (1983), Methods Enzymol., 96, xxix.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Rogers, J., Early, P., Carter, C., Calaine, K., Bond, M., Hood, L. and Wall, R. (1980), Cell, 20, 303.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Schatz, G. and Butow, R. A. (1983), Cell, 32, 316.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Strauss, A. W. and Boime, I. (1982), CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem, 12, 205.

    Google Scholar 

  241. De Robertis, E. (1983), Cell, 32, 1021.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Wittmann, H. G. (1982), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 51, 155.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Wittmann, H. G. (1983), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 52, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Nierhaus, K. H. (1982), Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol, 97, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Wool, I. G. (1979), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 48, 719.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Bielka, H. (1982), The Eukaryotic Ribosome, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Nomura, M., Tissiéres, A. and Lengyel, P. (1974), Ribosomes, Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Chambliss, G., Craven, G. R., Davies, J., Davis, K., Kahan, L. and Nomura, M. (1980), Ribo-somes: Structure, Function and Genetics, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Brimacombe, R., Maly, P. and Zwieb, C. (1983), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res, 28, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Noller, H. F. (1984), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 53, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Maden, B. E. H., Khan, M. S. N., Hughes, D. G. and Goddard, J. P. (1977), Biochem. Soc. Symp, 42, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Maden, B. E. H. (1980), Nature (London), 288, 293.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Brimacombe, R. (1984), Trends Biochem. Sci 9, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Walker, T. A. and Pace, N. R. (1983), Cell, 33, 320.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Singhal, R. P. and Shaw, J. K. (1983), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 28, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Delius, N., Andersen, J. and Singhal, R. P. (1984), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 31, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Chooi, W. Y., Sabatini, L. M. and Macklin, M. (1984), Biochem. Genet, 22, 749.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Juan-Vidales, F., Sánchez Madrid, F., Saenz- Robles, M. T. and Ballesta, J. P. G. (1983), Eur. J. Biochem, 136, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Schmid, G., Strobel, O., Stóffler-Meilicke, M., Stóffler, G. and Bock, A. (1984), FEBS Lett, 177, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Lin, A., Wittmann-Liebold, B., McNally, J. and Wool, I. G. (1982), J. Biol. Chem, 257, 9189.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Amons, R., Pluijms, W., Krick, J. and Móller, W. (1982), FEBS Lett, 146, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Leader, D. P. (1980), in Molecular Aspects of Cellular Regulation (ed. P. Cohen ), Elsevier/ North-Holland, Amsterdam, Vol. 1, p. 203.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Traut, R. R., Lambert, J. M., Boileau, G. and Kenny, J. W. (1980), in Ribosomes: Structure, Function and Genetics (ed. G. Chambliss, G. R. Craven, J. Davies, K. Davis, L. Kahan and M. Nomura), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Ramakrishnan, V., Capel, M., Kjeldgaard, M., Engelman, D. M. and Moore, P. B. (1984), J. Mol. Biol, 174, 265.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Zimmerman, R. A. (1974), in Ribosomes (ed. M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 225.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Lake, J. (1985), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 54, 507.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Stöffer, G. and Stöffler-Meilicke, M. (1984), Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng, 13, 303.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Held, W. A. and Nomura, M. (1973), Bio-chemistry, 12, 3273.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Nomura, M. and Held, W. A. (1974), in Ribo-somes (ed. M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 193.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Kuechler, E. and Ofengand, J. (1979), in Transfer RNA: Structure, Properties and Recognition (ed. P. R. Schimmel, D. Söll and J. N. Abelson ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 413.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Cooperman, B. (1980), in Ribosomes: Structure, Function and Genetics (ed. G. Chambliss, G. R. Craven, J. Davies, K. Davis, L. Kahan and M. Nomura), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 531.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Dabbs, E. R., Hasenbank, R., Kastner, B., Rak, K-H., Wartusch, B. and Stöffler, G. (1983), Mol. Gen. Genet, 192, 301.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Crick, F. H. C. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 38, 367.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Liljas, A. (1982), Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol, 40, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Garrett, R. (1983), Trends Biochem. Sci, 8, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Fasano, O., De Vendittis, E. and Parmeggiani, A. (1982), J. Biol. Chem, 257, 3145.

    Google Scholar 

  277. Barta, A., Steiner, G., Brosius, J., Noller, H. F. and Kuechler, E. (1984), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 3607.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Branlant, C., Krol, A., Machatt, M. A., Pouyet, J., Ebel, J.-P., Edwards, K. and Kossel, H. (1981), Nucleic Acids Res, 9, 4303.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Stiege, W., Glotz, C. and Brimacombe, R. (1983), Nucleic Acids Res, 11, 1687.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Garrett, R. A. and Woolley, P. (1982), Trends Biochem. Sci, 7, 385.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Ehresmann, C., Ehresmann, B., Millon, R., Ebel, J.-P., Nurse, K. and Ofengand, J. (1984), Biochemistry, 23, 429.

    Google Scholar 

  282. Li, M., Tzagoloff, A., Underbrink-Lyon, K. and Martin, N. C. (1982), J. Biol. Chem, 257, 5921.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Helser, T. L., Davies, J. E. and Dahlberg, J. E. (1971), Nature (London) New Biol, 233, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Chiaruttini, C., Expert-Bezangon, A. and Hayes, D. (1982), Nucleic Acids Res., 10, 7657.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Van Duin, J., Ravensbergen, C. J. C. and Doornbos, J. (1984), Nucleic Acids Res, 12, 5079.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Thomas, J. O. and Szer, W. (1982), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 21, 157.

    Google Scholar 

  287. Subramanian, A. R. (1984), Trends Biochem. Sci, 9, 491.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Woese, C. R. (1981), Sci. Am, 244 (6), 98.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Woese, C. R. and Wolfe, R. S. (1985), The Bacteria, Vol. 8, Archaebacteria, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  290. Woese, C. R. and Fox, G. E. (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 5088.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Lake, J. A. (1983), Cell, 33, 318.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Elhardt, D. and Bock, A. (1982), Mol. Gen. Genet, 188, 128.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Kessel, M. and Klink, F. (1980), Nature (London), 287, 250.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Dunn, R., McCoy, J., Simsek, M., Majumder, A., Chang, S. H., Raj Bhandary, U. L. and Khorana, H. G. (1981), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 6744.

    Google Scholar 

  295. White, B. N. and Bayley, S. T. (1972), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 272, 583.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Daniels, C. J., Gupta, R. and Doolittle, W. F. (1985), Biol. Chem, 260, 3132.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Slonimski, P., Borst, P. and Attardi, G. (1982), Mitochondrial Genes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Monograph Series.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Grivell, L. A. (1983), Sci. Am, 248 (3), 60.

    Google Scholar 

  299. Borst, P., Grivell, L. A. and Groot, G. S. P. (1984), Trends Biochem. Sci9, 48.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Attardi, G. (1985), Int. Rev. Cytol., 93, 93.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Richter, D. and Lipmann, F. (1970), Bio-chemistry, 9, 5065.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Nagata, S., Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y., Naito, A. and Kaziro, Y. (1983), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 6192.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Denslow, N. D. and O’Brien, T. W. (1979), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 90, 1257.

    Google Scholar 

  304. Montoya, J., Ojala, D. and Attardi, G. (1981), Nature (London), 290, 465.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Grosjean, H. J., de Henau, S. and Crothers, D. M. (1978), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 610.

    Google Scholar 

  306. De Bruijn, M. H. L. and Klug, A. (1983), EMBO J, 2, 1309.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Sibler, A. P., Dirheimer, G. and Martin, R. P. (1985), Nucleic Acids Res, 13, 1341.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Whitfeld, P. R. and Bottomley, W. (1983), Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol, 34, 279.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Küntzel, H., Heidrich, H. and Piechulla, B. (1981), Nucleic Acids Res, 9, 1451.

    Google Scholar 

  310. Subramanian, A. R., Steinmetz, A. and Bogorad, L. (1983), Nucleic Acids Res, 11, 5277.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Montandon, P.-E. and Stutz, E. (1983), Nucleic Acids Res, 11, 5877.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Hindley, J. (1973), Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol, 26, 269.

    Google Scholar 

  313. Zinder, N. D. (1975), RNA Phages, Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series.

    Google Scholar 

  314. Nathans, D., Oeschger, M. P., Polmar, S. K. and Eggen, K. (1969), J. Mol. Biol, 39, 279.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Lodish, H. F. (1968), Nature (London), 220, 345.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Fiers, W., Contreras, R., Duerinck, F., Hageman, G., Iserentant, D., Merregaert, J., Min Jou, W., Molemans, F., Raeymaekers, A., Van den Berghe, A., Volkaert, G. and Ysebaert, M. (1976), Nature (London), 500, 260.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Jeppesen, P. G. N., Steitz, J. A., Gesteland, R. F. and Spahr, P. F. (1970), Nature (London), 226, 230.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Ohtaka, Y. and Spiegelman, S. (1963), Science, 142, 493.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Yoshida, M. and Rudland, P. S. (1972), J. Mol. Biol, 68, 465.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Groner, Y., Pollack, Y., Berissi, H. and Revel, M. (1972), FEBS Lett, 21, 223.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Lodish, H. F. (1976), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 45, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  322. Lodish, H. F. (1970), J. Mol. Biol, 50, 689.

    Google Scholar 

  323. Steitz, J. A. (1973), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 2605.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Min Jou, W., Haegeman, G., Ysebaert, M. and Fiers, W. (1972), Nature (London), 237, 82.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Robertson, H. D. and Lodish, H. F. (1970), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 67, 710.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Lodish, H. F. (1969), Nature (London), 224, 867.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Sugiyama, T. and Nakada, D. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 31, 431.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Bernardi, A. and Spahr, P. F. (1972), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 3033.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Inouye, H., Pollack, Y. and Petre, J. (1974), Eur. J. Biochem, 45, 109.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Groner, Y., Scheps,R.,Kamen,E.,Kolakofsky, D. and Revel, M. (1972), Nature (London) New Biol, 239, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Kolakofsky, D. and Weissmann, C. (1971), Nature (London) New Biol, 231, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Winter, R. B. and Gold, L. (1983), Cell, 33, 877.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Weiner, A. M. and Weber, K. (1973), J. Mol. Biol, 80, 837.

    Google Scholar 

  334. Model, P., Webster, R. and Zinder, N. D. (1979), Cell, 18, 235.

    Google Scholar 

  335. Atkins, J. F., Steitz, J. A., Anderson, C. W. and Model, P. (1979), Cell, 18, 247.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Beremand, M. N. and Blumenthal, T. (1979), Cell, 18, 257.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Kastelein, R. A., Berkhout, B. and van Duin, J. (1983), Nature (London), 305, 741.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Kastelein, R. A., Remaut, E., Fiers, W. and van Duin, J. (1982), Nature (London), 295, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Dean, D. and Nomura, M. (1982), Cell Nucleus, 12, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  340. Nomura, M., Gourse, R. and Baughman, G. (1984), Annu. Rev. Biochem, 53, 75.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Mizushima, S. and Nomura, M. (1970), Nature (London), 226, 1214.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Campbell, K. M., Stormo, G. D. and Gold, L. (1983), in Gene Function in Prokaryotes (ed. J. Beckwith, J. Davies and J. A. Gallant ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 185.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Van der Meide, Kastelein, R. A., Vijgenboom, E. and Bosch, L. (1983), Eur. J. Biochem, 130, 409.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Peacock, S., Brot, N. and Weissbach, H. (1983), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 113, 1018.

    Google Scholar 

  345. Kung, H-F., Bekesi, E., Guterman, S. K., Gray, J. E., Traub, L. and Calhoun, D. H. (1984), Mol. Gen. Genet, 193, 210.

    Google Scholar 

  346. Lestienne, P., Plumbridge, J. A., Grunberg- Manago, M. and Blanquet, S. (1984), J. Biol. Chem, 259, 5232.

    Google Scholar 

  347. Grosjean, H. and Fiers, W. (1982), Gene, 18, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  348. Königsberg, W. and Godson, G. N. (1983), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 687.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Ikemura, T. (1981), J. Mol. Biol, 146, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  350. Andersson, S. G. E., Buckingham, R. H. and Kurland, C. G. (1984), EMBO J, 3, 91.

    Google Scholar 

  351. Bennetzen, J. L. and Hall, B. D. (1982), J. Biol. Chem, 251, 3026.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Garel, J.-P. (1976), Nature (London), 260, 805.

    Google Scholar 

  353. Sheiness, D. and Darnell, J. E. (1973), Nature (London) New Biol, 241, 265.

    Google Scholar 

  354. Brawerman, G. (1976), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 17, 117.

    Google Scholar 

  355. Perry, R. P. and Kelley, D. E. (1973), J. Mol. Biol, 79, 681.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Marbaix, G., Huez, G., Soreq, H., Gallwitz, D., Weinberg, E., Devos, R., Hubert, E. and Cleuter, Y. (1978), FEBS Symp, 51, 427.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Bard, E., Efron, D., Marcos, A. and Perry, R. P. (1974), Cell, 1, 101.

    Google Scholar 

  358. Huez, G., Marbaix, G., Gallwitz, D., Weinberg, E., Devos, R., Hubert, E. and Cleuter, Y. (1978), Nature (London), 271, 572.

    Google Scholar 

  359. Zeevi, M., Nevins, J. R. and Darnell, J. E. (1982), Mol. Cell. Biol, 2, 517.

    Google Scholar 

  360. Krowczynska, A., Yenofsky, R. and Brawerman, G. (1985), Mol. Biol, 181, 231.

    Google Scholar 

  361. Bergmann, I. E. and Brawerman, G. (1980), J. Mol. Biol, 139, 439.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Blobel, G. (1973), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 924.

    Google Scholar 

  363. Rosenthal, E. T., Tansey, T. R. and Ruderman, J. V. (1983), J. Mol. Biol, 166, 309.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Goto, S., Buckingham, M. and Gros, F. (1981), Biochemistry, 20, 5449.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Blair, G. E., Dahl, H. H. M., Truelsen, E. and Lelong, J. C. (1977), Nature (London), 265, 651.

    Google Scholar 

  366. Ray, B. K., Brendler, T. G., Adya, S., Daniels- McQueen, S., Miller, J. K., Hershey, J. W. B., Grifo, J. A., Merrick, W. C. and Thach, R. E. (1983), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 663.

    Google Scholar 

  367. Hunt, R. T., Hunter, A. R. and Munro, A. J. (1968), Nature (London), 220, 481.

    Google Scholar 

  368. Lodish, H. F. (1971), J. Biol. Chem, 246, 7131.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Phillips, J. A., Snyder, P. G. and Kazazian, H. H. (1977), Nature (London), 269, 442.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Kabat, D. and Chappell, M. R. (1977), J. Biol. Chem., 252, 2684.

    Google Scholar 

  371. McCarthy, T. L., Siegel, E., Mroczkowski, B. and Heywood, S. M. (1983), Biochemistry, 22, 935.

    Google Scholar 

  372. Sarkar, S. (1984), Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 31, 267.

    Google Scholar 

  373. Travers, A. (1984), Nature (London), 311, 410.

    Google Scholar 

  374. Mathews, M. B., Hunt, T. and Brayley, A. (1973), Nature (London) New Biol, 243, 230.

    Google Scholar 

  375. Legon, S., Jackson, R. J. and Hunt, T. (1973), Nature (London) New Biol, 241, 150.

    Google Scholar 

  376. Gross, M. and Rabinovitz, M. (1972), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 287, 340.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Farrell, P. J., Balkow, K., Hunt, T. and Jackson, R. J. (1977), Cell, 11, 187.

    Google Scholar 

  378. Panniers, R. and Henshaw, E. C. (1983), J. Biol. Chem, 258, 7928.

    Google Scholar 

  379. Ochoa, S. (1983), Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 223, 325.

    Google Scholar 

  380. Salimans, M., Goumans, H., Amesz, H., Benne, R. and Voorma, H. O. (1984), Eur. J. Biochem, 145, 91.

    Google Scholar 

  381. Duncan, R. and Hershey, J. W. B. (1985), J. Biol. Chem, 259,11 882.

    Google Scholar 

  382. Duncan, R. and Hershey, J. W. B. (1985), J. Biol. Chem, 260, 5493.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Petryshyn, R., Chen, J.-J. and London, I. M (1984), J. Biol. Chem., 259,11 736.

    Google Scholar 

  384. Salimans, M. M. M., van Heugten, H. A. A., van Steeg, H. and Voorma, H. O. (1985), Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 824, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  385. Thomas, G., Martin-Perez, J., Siegmann, M. and Otto, A. M. (1982), Cell, 30, 235.

    Google Scholar 

  386. Parker, P. J., Katan, M., Waterfield, M. and Leader, D. P. (1985), Eur. J. Biochem, 148, 579.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Metz, D. H. (1975), Cell, 6, 429.

    Google Scholar 

  388. Kimchi, A., Zilberstein, A., Schmidt, A., Shulman, L. and Revel, M. (1979), J. Biol. Chem, 254, 9846.

    Google Scholar 

  389. Kerr, I. M. and Brown, R. E. (1978), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 256.

    Google Scholar 

  390. Lengyel, P. (1982) in Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes (ed. R. Perez-Bercoff), Plenum, New York, p. 459.

    Google Scholar 

  391. Nilsen, T. W., Maroney, P. A. and Baglioni, C., (1982), J. Biol. Chem, 257 14 593.

    Google Scholar 

  392. Salzberg, S., Wreschner, D. H., Oberman, F., Panet, A. and Bakhanashvili, M. (1983), Mol. Cell. Biol, 3, 1759.

    Google Scholar 

  393. Siekierka, J., Mariano, T. M., Reichel, P. A. and Mathews, M. B. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  394. Rice, A. P. and Kerr, I. M. (1984), J. Virol, 50, 229.

    Google Scholar 

  395. Baglioni, C., de Benedetti, A. and Williams, G.J. (1984), J.Virol, 52, 865.

    Google Scholar 

  396. Nilsen, T. W., Maroney, P. A. and Baglioni, C. (1983), Mol. Cell. Biol, 3, 64.

    Google Scholar 

  397. Ehrenfeld, E. (1982), Cell, 28, 435.

    Google Scholar 

  398. Lee, K. A. W., Edery, I. and Sonenberg, N. (1985), J. Virol, 54, 515.

    Google Scholar 

  399. Lloyd, R. E., Etchison, D. and Ehrenfeld, E. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 2723.

    Google Scholar 

  400. Mosenkis, J., Daniels-McQueen, J., Janovec, S., Duncan, R., Hershey, J. W. B., Grifo, J. A., Merrick, W. C. and Thach, R. E. (1985), J. Virol, 54, 643.

    Google Scholar 

  401. Van Steeg, H., Kasperaitis, M., Voorma, H. O. and Benne, R. (1984), Eur. J. Biochem, 138, 473.

    Google Scholar 

  402. Van Steeg, H., van Grinsven, M., van Mansfeld, F., Voorma, H. O. and Benne, R. (1981), FEBS Lett, 129, 62.

    Google Scholar 

  403. Hershey, J. W. B. (1982), in Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes (ed. R. Perez-Bercoff), Plenum, New York, p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  404. Schmid, H. P., Akhayat, O., de Sa, C. M., Pavion, F., Kochler, K. and Scherrer, K. (1984), EMBO J, 3, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  405. Perry, R. P. and Kelley, D. E. (1968), J. Mol. Biol, 35, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  406. Spirin, A. S. (1969), Eur. J. Biochem, 10, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  407. Woodland, H. (1982), Biosci. Rep, 2, 471.

    Google Scholar 

  408. Sands, M. K. and Roberts, R. B. (1952), J. Bacteriol, 63, 505.

    Google Scholar 

  409. Edlin, G. and Broda, P. (1968), Bacteriol. Rev, 32, 206.

    Google Scholar 

  410. Gallant, J. A. (1979), Annu. Rev. Genet., 13, 393.

    Google Scholar 

  411. Neidhart, F. C. (1966), Bacteriol. Rev, 30, 701.

    Google Scholar 

  412. Stent, G. S. and Brenner, S. (1961), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 47, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  413. Cashel, M. and Gallant, J. (1969), Nature (London), 221, 838.

    Google Scholar 

  414. Cashel, M. and Gallant, J. (1974), in Ribosomes (ed. M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 733.

    Google Scholar 

  415. Pao, C. C., Dennis, P. P. and Gallant, J. A. (1980), J. Biol. Chem, 255, 1830.

    Google Scholar 

  416. Block, R. and Haseltine, W. A. (1974), in Ribosomes (ed. M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 747.

    Google Scholar 

  417. Stark, M. J. R. and Cundliffe, E. (1979), Eur. J. Biochem, 102, 101.

    Google Scholar 

  418. Richter, D. (1980), in Ribosomes: Structure, Function and Genetics (ed. G. Chambliss, G. R. Craven, J. Davies, K. Davis, L. Kahan and M. Nomura), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 743.

    Google Scholar 

  419. Lamond, A. I. (1985), Trends Biochem. Sci, 10, 111.

    Google Scholar 

  420. Sarmientos, P., Sylvester, J. E., Contente, S. and Cashel, M. (1983), Cell, 32, 1337.

    Google Scholar 

  421. Glaser, G., Sarmientos, P. and Cashel, M. (1983), Nature (London), 302, 74.

    Google Scholar 

  422. Travers, A. A. (1984), Nucleic Acids Res, 12, 2605.

    Google Scholar 

  423. Lamond, A. I. and Travers, A. A. (1985), Cell, 40, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  424. Nene, V. and Glass, R. E. (1983), FEBS Lett., 153,307. (

    Google Scholar 

  425. Silverman, R. H. and Atherly, A. G. (1979), Microbiol. Rev, 43, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  426. Warner, J. R., Tushinski, K. J. and Wejksnora, P. J. (1980), in Ribosomes: Structure, Function and Genetics (ed. G. Chambliss, G. R. Craven, J. Davies, K. Davis, L. Kahan and M. Nomura), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 889.

    Google Scholar 

  427. Gorini, L. (1974), in Ribosomes (ed. M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel ), Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series, p. 791.

    Google Scholar 

  428. Ozaki, M., Mizushima, S. and Nomura, M. (1974), Nature (London), 222, 333.

    Google Scholar 

  429. Kurland, C. G. and Ehrenberg, M. (1984), Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol, 31, 191.

    Google Scholar 

  430. Yarns, M. (1982), Science, 218, 646.

    Google Scholar 

  431. Hirsch, D. (1971), J. Mol. Biol, 58, 439.

    Google Scholar 

  432. Atkins, J. F., Gesteland, R. F., Reid, B. R. and Anderson, C. W. (1979), Cell, 18, 1119.

    Google Scholar 

  433. Mardon, G. and Varmus, H. E. (1983), Cell, 32, 871.

    Google Scholar 

  434. Kohli, J. and Grosjean (1981), Mol. Gen. Genet, 182, 430.

    Google Scholar 

  435. Miller, J. H. and Albertini, A. M. (1983), J. Mol. Biol., 164, 59.

    Google Scholar 

  436. Bossi, L. (1983), J. Mol. Biol, 164, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  437. Engelberg-Kulka, H. (1981), Nucleic Acids Res, 9, 983.

    Google Scholar 

  438. Ryoji, M., Hsia, K. and Kaji, A. (1983), Trends Biochem. Sci, 8, 88.

    Google Scholar 

  439. Beier, H., Barciszewska, M., Krupp, G., Mitnacht, R. and Gross, H. J. (1984), EMBO J, 3, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  440. Beier, H., Barciszewska, M. and Sickinger, H.-D. (1984), EMBO J, 3 1091.

    Google Scholar 

  441. Bienz, M. and Kubli, E. (1981), Nature (London), 294, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  442. Diamond, A., Dudock, B. and Hatfield, D. (1981), Cell, 25, 497.

    Google Scholar 

  443. El-Baradi, T. T. A. L., Raue, H. A., de Regt, V. C. H. F., Verbee, E. C. and Planta, R. J. (1985), EMBO J, 4, 2101.

    Google Scholar 

  444. Yang, D., Oyaizu, Y., Oyaizu, H., Olsen, G. J. and Woese, C. R. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 4443.

    Google Scholar 

  445. Lee, H. and Iglewski, W. J. (1984), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 2703.

    Google Scholar 

  446. Siegel, V. and Walter, P. (1985), J. Cell. Biol, 100, 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  447. Van Noort, J. M., Kraal, B. and Bosch, L. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 3212.

    Google Scholar 

  448. Hillen, W., Egert, E., Lindner, H. J. and Gassen, H. G. (1978), FEBS Lett, 94, 361.

    Google Scholar 

  449. Hunt, T. (1985), Nature (London), 316, 580.

    Google Scholar 

  450. Dearsly, A. L., Johnson, R. M., Barrett, P. and Sommerville, J. (1985), Eur. J. Biochem, 150, 95.

    Google Scholar 

  451. Rapoport, T. A. and Wiedmann, M. (1985), Curr. Top. Membr. Transp, 24, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  452. Reid, G. A. (1985), Curr. Top. Membr. Transp, 24, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  453. Feldherr, C. M. (1985), BioEssays, 3, 52.

    Google Scholar 

  454. Yokoyama, S., Watanabe, T., Marao, K., Ishikura, H., Yamaizumi, Z., Nishimura, S. and Miyazawa, T. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82, 4905.

    Google Scholar 

  455. De Vendittis, E., Masullo, M. and Bocchini, V. (1986), J. Biol. Chem, 261, 4445.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, UK

    Roger L. P. Adams, John T. Knowler & David P. Leader

Authors
  1. Roger L. P. Adams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John T. Knowler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David P. Leader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Chapman and Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Adams, R.L.P., Knowler, J.T., Leader, D.P. (1986). The translation of mRNA: protein synthesis. In: The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4103-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4103-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8321-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-4103-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation