Abstract
The sampling of data in Medical Imaging is, of its essence, 3-dimensional. 3-D displays can be classified into groups as follows: the use of colour as a depth cue, 2-D representations of 3-D objects using shaded surfaces, stereo pairs, holograms, time coding and depth cueing, the varifocal (vibrating) mirrors and other mechanical systems, and, finally, true 3-D displays. Brief descriptions of some algorithms for the production of stereo pairs, the use of the kinetic depth effect, and shaded graphics are presented. A fundamental problem is that of the perception of interior structures, which implies the use of interaction, for example, by selective high-lighting and elimination of concealing structures. The volume of data generated by current systems is so large, that a fast powerful 3-D display is essential. Some suitable architectures are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Herman, G.T. and D. Webster. Surfaces of organs in discrete three-dimensional space. In ‘Mathematical Aspects of Computerized Tomography’ Eds Herman G.T. and Natterer F., (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1981) pp. 204–224.
Herman, G.T. and H.K. Liu. Three-dimensional display of human organs from computed tomograms. Comp. Graph, and Image Processing 9 (1979) 1–21.
Frieder, G., Faux, I.D., Ostowski, M.C. and K.G. Pasquill. Back-to-front display of voxel-based objects. IEEE Comp. Graph, and Applications 5 (1985) 52–60.
Sunguroff, A. and D. Greenberg. Computer generated images for medical applications. Computer Graphics, Proc Siggraph 78, 12 (1978) 196–202.
Vannier M.W., Marsh J. L. and J. O. Warren. Three dimensional CT reconstruction images for craniofacial surgical planning and evaluation. Radiology 150 (1983) 179–184.
Vannier M.W., Marsh J. L. and J. O. Warren. Three dimensional computer graphics for craniofacial surgical planning and evaluation. Computer Graphics 17 (1983) Proc. Siggraph ’83 263–273.
Bookstein, F.L. The line skeleton. Comp. Graph, and Luage Processing 11 (1979) 123–137
Nackman, L.R. and S.M. Pizer. Three-dimensional shape description using the symmetric axis transform. In Medical Image Processing, ed Goris, M.L., (Stanford University, Div. Nucl. Med. Stanford, 1981) 363–396.
Di Paola, R. Personal communication
Fuchs, H., Abram, G.D. and E.D. Grant. Near real-time shaded display of rigid objects. Computer Graphics 17 (1983) 65–72.
Artzy E. Frieder G. and G.T. Herman. The theory, design, implementation and evaluation of a three-dimensional surface detection algorithm. Comput. Graph, and Image. Proc. 15 (1981) 1–24.
Rhodes M.L. Towards fast edge detection for clinical 3-D applications of computer tomography. IEEE CH1404 (1979) 321–327.
Meagher D. High speed display of 3-D medical images using octree encoding. IPL-TR-021 Image Processing Lab. Ressenlaer Polytechnique Inst. (1981).
Meagher D.J. Interactive solids processing for medical analysis and planning. Proc. Natl. Computer Graphics Assoc. (1984)
Meagher, D. Geometric modeling using octree encoding. Comp. Graph, and Image Processing 19 129–147 1982.
Fuchs H., Kedem Z.M. and S.P. Uselton. Optimal surface reconstruction from planar contours. Comm. A.C.M. 20 (1977) 56–58.
Zucker, S.W. and R.A. Hummel. A three-dimensional edge operator. IEEE Trans. Pat. Anal, and Mach. Intel. PAMI-3 (1981) 324–331.
Akima H. A new method of interpolation and smooth surface fitting based on local procedures. J. A.C.M. 13 (1970) 589–602.
Sutherland, I.E., Sproull, R.F. and R.A. Schumacker. A characterization of ten hidden surface algorithms. Computing Surveys 6 1974.
Gourand H. Computer display of curved surfaces. IEEE Trans. Computers C-20 (1971) 623–629.
Phong B.T. Illumination for computer generated pictures. Comm. A.C.M. 18 (1975) 311–317.
Barber, D.C. and I. Skellas. Three-dimensional display of tomographic data. Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. 2 (1981) 153–155.
Greguss P. Holographic displays from computer assisted tomography. J. Comp. Ass. Tomography. 1 (1977) 184–186.
Exhibition and Symposium on 3-D Imaging, 3rd World Congress of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, August 1982, Paris, France.
Pizer, S.M., Fuchs, H., Heinz, E.R., Staab E.V., et al, Interactive 3D display of medical images. In Information Processing in Medical Imaging, ed Deconinck F., (Nijhoff, Boston, 1984) 513–526.
Bradley H., Moore P.R. and E.A. Woloshuk. Time as depth. Handout and exhibit 27th Soc. Nucl. Med. meeting Detroit 1980.
Real-time solid modeling system: Insight. Phoenix data systems Inc. Albany N.Y., USA.
Flynn M., Matteson R., Dickie D., Keyes J. W. and F. Bookstein. Requirements for the display and analysis of three-dimensional image data. SPIE 418 Picture Archiving and Communication systems (1983) 213–224.
Goldwasser, S.M. A generalized object display processor architecture. IEEE Comp. Graph, and Applications. 4 (1984) 43–55.
Artzy E. Display of three-dimensional information in computed tomography. Comp. Graph. and Image Processing 9 (1979) 196–198.
Kramer D.M. Schneider J. S., Rudin A.M. et al. True three dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance images of a brain. Neuroradiology 21 (1981) 239–244.
Schlusselberg, D.S., Smith W.K., Lewis, M.H., Culter, B.G. and D.J. Woodward. A general system for computer based acquisition analysis and display of medical image data. Proc. ACM Ann. Meeting Oct 1982, 18–25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Todd-Pokropek, A. (1987). 3-D Display. In: Guzzardi, R. (eds) Physics and Engineering of Medical Imaging. NATO ASI Series, vol 119. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3537-2_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3537-2_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8081-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3537-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive