Abstract
The tomato has been bred for fruit production under a wide range of environmental conditions, from the short season cold climates to the warm humid tropics and to the hot arid deserts. Wherever man has attempted to grow tomatoes he has had to contend with numerous diseases. Before the introduction of resistant varieties. Fusarium wilt was perhaps the most destructive disease to tomatoes. Growers were constantly forced from ‘wilt land’ to newly cleared fields for growing tomatoes. Eventually, entire areas of the eastern United States were lost to commercial tomato production due to this disease. In some areas of the western US the processing tomato industry was virtually destroyed by beet curly top virus which developed because of the extensive sugar beet production. In other temperate regions, diseases such as late blight. Septoria leaf spot, bacterial canker and bacterial speck have built up to epidemic proportions, completely ruining crops.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, L. J. and Cirulli, M. (1966) Inheritance of resistance to tobacco mosaic viruses in tomato. Phytopathology, 56, 869.
Andrus, C F and Reynard, G. B (1945) Resistance to Septoria leaf spot and its inheritance in tomatoes. Phytopathology, 35, 16–24.
Aycock, R. (1966) Stem rot and other diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. N.C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull.. 174.
Barksdale, T. H. (1972a) Anthracnose resistance in F2 populations derived from ten tomato introductions. Pl Dis. Rep, 56, 321–2.
Barksdale, T. H. (1972b) Resistance in tomato to six anthracnose fungi. Phytopathology. 62. 660–3.
Barksdale, T. H. (1982) Control of an epidemic of Septoria leaf spot of tomato by resistance. PI. Dis. Rep.. 66, 239–40.
Barksdale, T. H. and Stoner, A. K. (1977) A study of the inheritance of tomato early blight resistance. PI Dis. Rep, 61, 63–5.
Besri, M. (1982) Survival and spread of Didymella lycopersici in tomato crops by supports. Phytopathology. Z.. 105, 1–10.
Boukema, I. W. (1981) Raccs of Cladosporium fulvum cke. (Fulviafulva) and genes for resistance in the tomato (Lycopersicon Mill.). Proc Meet. Eucarpia Tomato Working Group, Avignon, France.
Boukema, I. W. (1982) Inheritance of resistance to Didymella lycopersici Kleb. in tomato (Lycopersicon Mill.). Euphytica, 31, 981–9.
Boukema, I W. (1983) Inheritance of resistance to foot and root rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae v. Breda de Haan var. nicotianae in tomato (Lycopersicon Mill.). Euphytica, 32, 103–9.
Broadbent, L. (1976) Epidemiology and control of tomato mosaic. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol, 14, 75–95.
Buddenhagen, I. and Kelman, A. (1964) Biological and physiological aspects of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum Am. Rev. Phytopathol, 2, 203–30.
Butler. N. S and Rataul. II. S. (1977) The virus-vector relationship of the tomato leaf curl virus (TI.CV) and its vector, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Phytoparasitica. 5, 173–86.
Campbell, R. N., Schwecrs, V. H. and Hall, D. H. (1982) Corky root of tomato in California caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and control by soil fumigation. PI. Dis. Rep.. 66, 657–61.
Chastagner. G. A. and Ogawa. J. M. (1979) A fungicide-wax treatment to suppress Botrytis cinerea and protect fresh-market tomatoes. Phytopathology, 69, 59–63.
Cirulli. M. and Ciccarese, F. (1975) Interactions between TMV isolates, temperature, allelic condition and combination of the tm resistance genes in tomato. Phytol. Med, 14, 100–5.
Cole. A. W. and Batson, W. E. (1975) Effects of diphenamid on Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanadermatum, and damping-off of tomato. Phytopathology. 65, 431–4.
Crill, J. P.. Jones. J. P. and Burgis. D. S. (1972) Relative susceptibility of some tomato genotypes to bacterial spot. PI. Dis. Rep, 56, 504–7.
Davet, P. (1976) Behavior of fungi associated with tomato corky root in Lebanon on different substrates. Ann. Phytopathol, 8, 159–69.
Dixon, G. R. (1981) Vegetable Crop Diseases. AVI Publishing Company. Westport. Conn.
Evans, E. (1968) Plant Diseases and their Chemical Control. Blackwcll. Oxford.
Ferrer, J. B. and Owen. J. H. (1959) Botrytis cinerea the cause of ghost spot disease of tomato. Phytopathology, 49, 411–17.
Gabe, H. L. (1975) Standardization of nomenclature for pathogcnic raccs of Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. Iycopersici. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc.. 64. 156–9.
Gallegly, M. E. (1960) Resistance to the late blight fungus in tomato. Proc. Campbell Soup PI. Sci. Semin, 113–35.
Gallegly, M. E. and Walker. J. C. (1949) Plant nutrition in relation to disease development V. Bacterial wilt of tomato. Amer. J. Bot.. 36. 613–23.
Gooding. G. V. (1975) Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus on tomato seed with trisodium orthophosphatc and sodium hypochlorite. PI. Dis. Rep.. 59. 770–2.
Grattidge. R. (1982) Screening for resistance to a third race of Fusarium will in tomato. Aust. PI. Pathol, 11, 29–30.
Grattidge. R. and O’Brien. R. G. (1982) Occurrence of a third race of Fusarium wilt of tomatoes in Queensland. PI. Dis, 66. 165–6.
Griffin. M. J. and Savage. M. J. (eds) (1983) Control of Pests and Diseases of Protected Crops 1983. Tomatoes. ADAS Booklet 2243 MAFF Publications. Alnwick, UK
Grinstein. A.. Elad. Y.. Katan. J. and Chct. 1. (1979) Control of Sclerotium rolfsii by means of a herbicide and Trichoderma harzianum. PI. Dis. Rep, 63, 823–6.
Grogan, R. G., Kimble, K. A. and Misaghi, I. (1975) A stem canker disease of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. Phytopathology. 65. 880–6.
Grogan, R. G., Uyemoto, J. K. and Kimble. K. A. (1963) Evidence that tomato aspcrmv and cucumbcr mosaic viruses arc serologically unrelated. Virology. 21, 36–42.
Hassan. A. A.,Mazayd. H. M., Moustafa.S. E. Nassar. S. H..Nakhla. M. K. and Sims, W. L. (1984) Inheritance of resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus derived from Lycopersicon cheesmanii and Lycopersicon hirsutum. HortSci, 19, 574–5.
Hendrix. J. W. and Frazier. W. A. (1949) Studies on the inheritance of Stemphylium resistance in tomatoes. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sin Bull, 8.
Hoyle. B. J. (1977) Curly Top. Identification Handbook, Nine Crops. University of California Publication 4079.
Hubbeling. N. (1978) Breakdown of resistance of the Cf5 gene in tomato by another new race of Fulvia fulva. Proc. 2nd Phytopathol. Conf, Cairo, pp. 891–4.
Hubbeling. N. and Basu Chaudhary. K. C. (1969) Influence of pH and calcium nutrition on the resistance of tomato seedlings to Verticillium wilt. Meded Rijk. Landb. Wet. Gent.. 34, 937–43.
Jenkins. S. F. and Avcrrc, C. W. (1983) Root diseases of vegetables in hydroponic culture systems in North Carolina greenhouses. PI. Dis. Rep.. 67. 968–70.
Jones. J. P. (1978) Disease thresholds for downy mildew and target leafspot of cucurbits and late blight of tomato. PI. Dis. Rep.. 62, 798–802f.
Jones. J. B., Stall, R. E., Jones, J. P. and Pohronezny, K. L. (1984) Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida. Phytopathology, 74, 858.
Jones, J. P.. Weber, G. F. and Kelbeil, D. G. A. (1969) Tomato diseases in Florida. Fla. Agric. Exp. Stn Bull, 731.
Jones, J. P. and Woltz, S. S. (1967) Fusarium wilt (race 2) of tomato: effect of lime and micronutrient soil amendments on disease development. PI. Dis. Rep, 51, 645–8.
Jones, O. W. (1983) Tomato Brown and Corky Root Rot.ADAS Leaflet 827. MAFF Publications. Alnwick. UK.
Kelman. A. (1953) The bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. N.C. Agric. Exp. Stn Bull.. 99.
Kerr. E. A. (1983) Breeding for stable resistance to diseases. HortSci, 18, 27–30.
Kikuta, K. and Frazier. W. A. (1946) Breeding tomatoes for resistance to spoiled wilt in Hawaii. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci, 47, 271–6.
Last. F. T.. Ebben. M. H.. Hoare. R. C., Turner, E. A. and Carter, A. R. (1969) Build¬up of tomato brown root rot caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schneider and Gerlach. Ann. Appl. Biol.. 64. 449–59.
Laterrot, H. (1980) Rapport 1978–1980. INRA. Montfavet, France.
Laterrot. H. (1983) La lutte génétique contre la maladie des racines liégeuses de la tomate. Rev. Hort, 238, 23–5.
MacNeil, B. H. (1955) Colletotrichium root rot of greenhouse tomatoes. Pl. Dis. Rep, 39, 45–6.
Marsh. R. \V. (ed.) (1977) Systemic Fungicides. Longman, London.
Martelli. G. P. (ed.) (1983) Le Virosidelle Fiante Ortive, REDA, Rome.
Mazyad. H. M., Omar, F., Al-Taher. K. and Salha. M. (1979) Observations on the epidemiology of tomato yellow leaf curl disease on tomato plants. Pl. Dis. Rep, 63, 695–8.
McColloch. L. P.. Cook, H. T. and Wright, W. R. (1968) Market Diseases of Tomatoes. Peppers and Eggplants. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 28.
Mew, T. W. and Ho, W. C. (1977) Effect of soil temperature on resistance of tomato cultivars to bacterial wilt. Phytopathology, 67, 909–11.
Miller, A. N., Ng, T. J. and Barksdale. T.H. (1983) Inheritance and heritability of resistance to tomato anthracnosc causcd by Colletotrichum dematium. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci, 108. 1020–3.
Okie, W. R. and Gardner, R D. (1982) Breeding for resistance to Verticillium dahliae race 2 of tomato in North Carolina. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.. 107. 552–5.
Partyka, R F.. and Farley, J. D. (1973) Greenhouse tomatoes, disease control. Ohio Sta. Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. SB–16.
Pelham, J. (1969) Isogenic lines to identify physiologic strains of TMV. Tomato Genet. Coop. Rep.. 19, 18.
Peregrine. W. T. H. and bin Ahmad. K. (1982) Grafting—A simple technique for overcoming bactcrial wilt in tomato. Trop. Pest Mgmt, 28, 71–6.
Phills, B. R.. Prowidenti. R and Robinson. R. W (1977) Reaction of Solanum lycopersicoides to viral diseases of the tomato. Tomato Genet. Coop. Rep.. 27, 18.
Pilowsky. M and Cohen. S. (1974) Inheritance of resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomatoes. Phytopathology. 64, 632–5.
Pitblado. R. E. and MacNeil, B. H. (1983) Genetic basis of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in field tomatoes. Can J. PL Pathol.. 5, 251–5.
Pullman. G. S.. DeVay. J. E, Garbcr. R. H. and Weinhold, A. R. (1981) Soil solarization: Effects on Verticillium wilt of cotton and soilborne populations of Verticillium dahliae. Pythium spp., Rhizoctoma solani. and Thielaviopsis basicola. Phytopathology, 71, 954–9.
Punja, Z. K. and Grogan. R. G. (1982) Effects of inorganic salts, carbonate- bicarbonate anions, ammonia and the modifying influence of pH on sclerotial germination of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology, 72, 635–9.
Rast. A T. B (1975) Variability of tobacco mosaic virus in relation to control of tomato mosaic in glasshouse tomato crops by resistance breeding and cross protection. Inst. Phytopathol. Res. Wageningen. Publ. 689.
Rotem, J. and Bashi. E. (1977) A review of the present status of the Stemphylium complex in tomato foliage. Phytoparasitica. 5, 45–58.
Rotem, J. and Palti, J. (1969) Irrigation and plant disease. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.. 7, 267–8.
Rotem, J. and Reichert, I. (1964) Dew-A principal factor enabling early blight epidemics in a semi-arid region of Israel. PI. Dis. Rep.. 48, 211–5.
Rowe. R. C. and Farelv, J. D. (1981) Strategies for controlling Fusarium crown and root rot in greenhouse tomatoes. PI. Dis. Rep.. 65, 107–12.
Sasaki. T.. Honda. Y.. Umekawa. M. and Ncmoto. M. (1985) Control of certain diseases of greenhouse vegetables with ultraviolet-absorbing vinyl film. PI. Dis. Rep.. 69. 530–3.
Schneider, R W. and Grogan, R. G. (1977) Bacterial speck of tomato: sources of inoculum and establishment of a resident population. Phytopathology, 67. 388–94.
Scott. J W and Jones, J. R. (1984) Evolution of tomato germplasm for tolerance to bacterial spot. Phytopathology. 74. 629.
Simons, J. N. and Zitter. T. A. (1980) Use of oils to control aphid-borne viruses. PI. Dis. Rep.. 64, 542–6.
Smith. K. M. (1972) A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases. Academic Press, London.
Sonoda, R M (1978) Effect of differences in tolerance of tomato to Pseudomonas solanacearum and time of planting on incidence of bacterial wilt. PI. Dis. Rep.. 62, 1059–62.
Sonoda, R. M., Hayslip, N. C. and Stoffclla, P. J. (1981) Tomato fruit rot infection cycle in a fresh market packing operation. Proc. Ha. Sta. Hort. Sci.. 94, 281–2.
Spencer. D. M. (ed.) (1978) The Powdery Mildews. Academic Press, London.
Stall. R. E. and Thayer. P. L. (1962) Streptomycin resistance of the bacterial spot pathogen and control with streptomycin. PI. Dis. Rep.. 46, 389–92.
Strider, D. L. (1969) Bacterial canker of tomato caused by Corynebacterium michiganense. N.C. Agric. Exp. Sin Bull, 193.
Thomas. P. E. and Martin, M. W. (1971) Apparent resistance to establishment of infection by curly top virus in tomato breeding lines. Phytopathology, 61, 550–1.
Thomas, P. F.. and Martin, M. W. (1972) Characterization of a factor of resistance in curly top virus-resistant tomatoes. Phytopathology, 62, 954–8.
Van Steekelenburg, N. A. M. (1981) Inoculation of tomato with Didymella lycopersici. Proc. Eucarpia Tomato Working Group, Avignon. France.
Walker, J. C. (1971) Fusarium will of tomato. Monograph6. Am. Phytopathol. Soc, St. Paul. Minn.
Walter, J. M. (1956) Combination of resistances to tobacco etch and tobacco mosaic viruses in tomato breeding stocks. Phytopathology. 46, 517–9.
Walter. J. M. (1967) Hereditary resistance to disease in tomato. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.. 5. 131–62.
Weber, G. F. and Ramsey, G. B. (1926) Tomato diseases in Florida. Fla. Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn Bull.. 185.
Woltz, S. S. and Jones, J. P. (1979) Effects of magnesium on bacterial spot of pepper and tomato and on the in vitro inhibition of Xanthomonas vesicatoria by- streptomycin. PI. Dis. Rep, 63, 182–4.
Wright, R. G. (1983) Didymella Stem and Fruit Rot of Tomato. ADAS Leaflet 560. MAFF Publ.. Alnwick. UK.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Chapman and Hall Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Watterson, J.C. (1986). Diseases. In: Atherton, J.G., Rudich, J. (eds) The Tomato Crop. The Tomato Crop. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7910-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3137-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive