Abstract
Despite decades of study, deposition processes are incompletely understood. Wet deposition, usually studied only at ground level, results from events occurring in several kilometres of the depth of the troposphere. A full description requires three dimensional modelling of the air flows, composition and microphysics within the rain system. Future measurements by aircraft may result in much better knowledge of the vertical structure and of mechanisms. For the present, even total deposition at the surface is uncertain because of difficulties of interpolation between measurement sites.
Nucleation scavenging in clouds is probably the chief mechanism for small particle (< 3 µm) deposition, but very limited experiments show unexpectedly large rates of collection by falling drops which suggests that this process is also important. Chemical processes in cloud and rain increase incorporation of gases in precipitation by the availability of reactants.
Dry deposition of large particles is important, and is of rather uncertain, though probably minor, significance for sulphate and other small particles. For HNO3, HCl and SO2 dry deposition is the major removal process; it may be important in the air chemistry of other reactive gases. For HNO3 and probably HCl removal from the air is limited only by transport to surfaces, having a time scale of only a few hours. Removal of SO2, like O3, is dependant on surface properties, and is an order of magnitude slower. Dry deposition in irregular terrain is uncertain; it may be augmented locally by interception of cloud and fog by hilltop vegetation.
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Garland, J.A., Nicholson, K.W., Derwent, R.G. (1988). The Deposition of Trace Substances from the Atmosphere. In: Grefen, K., Löbel, J. (eds) Environmental Meteorology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2939-5_11
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