Abstract
The world at present is undergoing various crises and among them a set of twin-crises stands out: a crisis of technology and a crisis of democracy. These two crises are linked and reinforce each other at a global level. The value premises behind these concomitant variables are not functionally and normatively synchronized. The purpose of this paper is to identify the contradictions between the technocratic market values (productivist logic) and the social democratic values (logic of needs) within the advanced countries (core-countries) and to project and consider these contradictions with reference to transfer of technology to the Third World Countries (TWCs/peripheral countries) through a paradigm.
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Notes
See chapter 2 and 3 respectively for “paradigms” and “dialectical paradigms” in R.T. Holt and J.E. Turner (eds), The Methodology of Comparative Research, The Free Press, New York, 1970.
Source: F.R. Sagasti and A. Araoz, Science and Technology for Development: Planning in the STPI Countries, IDRC, Ottawa, 1979, p. 118.
A. Etzioni, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, New York, 1961, pp. 23–40.
R. Dahl and C.E. Lindblom, Politics, Economics and Welfare: Planning and Political-Economic Systems Resolved into Basic Social Processes, New York, 1971.
See generally P. Blumberg, Industrial Democracy: The Sociology of Participation, Contable & Co., London, 1968.
See Rudolf Meidner, “Our Concept of the Third Way: Some Remarks on the Sociopolitical Tenets of the Swedish Labour Movement,” Economic and Industrial Democracy, Vol. 1, 1980, pp. 343–369.
J.A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Harper & Row, New York, 1962, pp. 81–87.
Claus Offe, Contradictions of the Welfare State, edited by John Keane, The MIT Press, 1984, pp. 207–219.
C. Offe, at p. 192.
S. Muthuchidambaram, Microelectronics Technology: An Industrial Relations Perspective, A Federal Task Force Report, 1982, pp. 1–4.
C. Roveda and Ciborra, “Impact of Information Technology upon Organizational Structures,” in Microelectronics, Productivity and Employment, OECD, Paris, 1981, p. 136.
For more details regarding the developments mentioned in this paragraph see: J.K. Galbraith, “Thinking Ahead: The Way up from Reagan economics,” Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1982, pp. 6–12; G. Thompson, The Conservatives’ Economic Policy, Groom Helm, London, 1986; Y.S. Brenner, Capitalism, Competition and Economic Crisis: Structural Changes in Advanced Industrialized Countries, Kapitan, Washington D.C., 1984; J.P. Gordus et al, Plant Closings and Economic Dislocation, Upjohn Institute, Kalamazoo, 1981; J.D. Roessner and R.M. Mason, The Impact of Office Automation on Clerical Employment: 1985–2000, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1985. For an excellent analysis of shifts in industrial relations due to these changes see Jack Barbash, “The New Industrial Relations”, in IRRA Proceedings of the 1986 Spring Meeting, IRRA, Madison, Wisconsin, 1986, pp. 528–533.
The Brandt Commission 1983, Common Crisis North-South: Co-operation for World Recovery, Pan Book Ltd., London, 1983, p. 37.
Reuter News, Globe and Mail, January 6, 1967, B-16.
On technological change and defence spending see the statement by S. Ramphal, Commonwealth Secretary-General, The Hindu, International Edition, December 10, 1983, p. 9; also refer Negative Economic Growth, Globe and Mail, December 10, 1986, B-8.
Op. cit. note 13, at p. 43 and 44.
D. Goulet, The Uncertain Promise: Value Conflicts in Technology Transfer, IDOC/ North America, New York, 1977, p. 17.
“Science and Technology — Promises and Threats”, in Paul Abrecht (ed), Faith, Science and the Future, World Council of Churches, Geneva, 1978, pp. 21–23.
Development Dialogue, No. 1, 1980, pp. 55–67.
See V. Rittberger, “Science and Technology as an International Order and Development Issue: An Overview”, in V. Rittberger (ed) Science and Technology in a Changing International Order, The United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCCSTD), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1982, pp. 5–48.
F. Stewart, Technology and Underdevelopment, 2nd ed, Macmillan, London, 1978, pp. 123–13. Also seeF. Sagasti, Technology, Planning, and Self-Reliant Development: A Latin American View, Praeger, New York, 1979.
op cit, note 13.
“What Now? Another Development”, Development Dialogue, No. 1/2, 1975, p. 93. Emphasis Added.
V. Rittberger, op cit, note 20, at p. 19.
Ibid., at p. 20.
For more details regarding the role of the UN and its Agencies, see notes, 13, 17, 18, 20 and 21 and also see S. Amin et al, Dynamics of Global Crisis, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1982; S. Amin, Imperialism and Underdevelopment, Monthly Review Press; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The Development Dialogue in the 1980s — Continuing Paralysis or New Consensus, UNCTAD’s 20th Anniversary Symposium, UN, Geneva, 1984.
C. Levinson, International Trade Unionism, Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 1972; Chapter 3. Also see W. Morehouse, “Technological Autonomy and Disassociation in the International System: An Alternative Economic and Political Strategy for National Development”; D.W. Chu and W. Morehouse, “Third World Cooperation in Science and Technology for Development”; F.R. Sagasti, “Financing the Development of Science and Technology in the Third World”; all of which in V. Rittberger (ed) Science and Technology in a Changing International Order, op cit, note 20. For the role and issues related to TNCs among the OECD countries see A. Morgan and R. Blanpain, The Industrial Relations and Employment Impacts of Multinational Enterprises: An Inquiry Into the Issues, OECD, Paris, 1977.
W. Morehouse, cited in note 27, p. 59.
C. LeVinson, cited note 27, at p. 57.
Cited note 27, at p. 95; also see C. Alvares, “Development Against People”, Development Forum, July 1978.
Frances Stewart, Technology and Underdevelopment, Macmillan, London, 1977, p. 277.
U.N.C.T.D., 12 May 1981; also see Advisory Service on Transfer of Technology, UN, Geneva, 1986. Also see C. Edwards, The Fragmented World, Methuen, New York, 1985, 7.3.
See F.R. Sagasti, “Financing the Development of S & T in the Third World”, cited note 27.
Statement by Mr. Janos Nyerges, UNCTAD, The Development Dialogue in the 1980s, cited note 26 at p. 39 and 40.
See the chapters on Sweden, Denmark, and Norway in S. Muthuchidambaram, New Technology and Industrial Relations: Policy and Practices in Selected Countries, Research Report, University of Regina, Canada, 1986.
See Chapter 8, “Economic Planning in the Two Other Orbits,” in G. Myrdal, Beyond the Welfare State: Economic Planning and Its International Implications, Bantam Books, New York, 1967. Also see R. Meidner, op cit, note 6.
V. Rittberger, cited note 20, at p. 37.
W. Morehouse, cited note 27, p. 52 et seq.
Ibid at p. 55. Emphasis added.
L.T. Wells, Jr., Technology and Third World Multinationals, ILO, Geneva, 1982. This is an excellent study on this issue and this section of the paper is based on this source. For the other Working Papers of the ILO’s Multinational Enterprises Programme (MULTI), 1979–1983, see Appendix, pp. 30–32.
R. Bean, Comparative Industrial Relations: An Introduction to Cross-National Perspectives, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1985; p. 196.
L.T. Wells, Jr., op cit, note 40, at p. 7.
Ibid, at p. 13.
See H.V. Perlmutter, “The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation”, Columbia Journal of World Business, 4, 1969.
Cited note 40, at p. 20.
Jacques Ellul, The Betrayal of the West, (trans), Matthew J. O’Connell, The Seabury Press, New York, 1978, p. 4.
He has written 36 books and 400 articles on this subject. See Joyce M. Hanks, “A Way Out In A No-Exit Situation? Jacques Ellul on Technique and the Third World,” in P.T. Durbin (ed), Research in Philosophy & Technology, Volume 7 — 1984, JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, Conn., at p. 283.
J.M. Hanks, cited above, at p. 276.
J. Ellul, The Technological System, (trans), J. Neugroschel, Continuum, New York, p. 94–95.
Hanks, op. cit., at p. 278.
Ibid.
S. Muthuchidambaram, Microelectronics Technology. cited note 10, Chapter 1, and J.M. Hank, cited note 47, pp. 277–283.
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Muthuchidambaram, S. (1989). Diffusion of Technology vis-a-vis Transformation: Increasing Contradictions Between Technocratic Market Values and Social Democratic Values . In: Byrne, E.F., Pitt, J.C. (eds) Technological Transformation. Philosophy and Technology, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2597-7_15
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