Abstract
The term “density model” is defined here as a model of fluid motions in a gravitational field in which the variations of density within the field originate or influence the flow field. Strictly speaking»this applies to all free surface fluid motions, but in this case the emphasis is on motions involving fluid masses of the same state, and with relatively small density differences, (Δρ/ρ<<1). The term “stratified flow” is often used to designate the flow. Most of the cases of interest involve density differences (Δρ/ρ) of the order of 10-2 or less, although some cases, such as tailings plumes, oil slicks, and gas releases can involve Δρ/ρ>10-1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abraham G: Jet Diffusion in Stagnant Ambient Fluid. Delft Hydraulics Xab., Publ. No. 29, 1963.
Ackers P and Jaffrey L.J: The Applicability of Hydraulic Models to Pollution Studies. Proc. of Symposium on Mathematical and Estuarine Pollution”, Stevenage, UK 1972.
Ackers P: Modelling of Heated Water Discharges. Ch. 6, Engineering Aspects of Thermal Pollution, Parker and Krenkel (Ed.), Vanderbilt University Press, 1969.
Adams EE: Discussion of Reynolds Number Effects on Buoyant Surface Jets. ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. III, No. 8, August 1985.
Adams EE and Cosier DJ: Density Exchange Flow Through a Slotted Curtain. Submitted to ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1987.
Akiyama J and Stefan HG: Onset of Underflow in Slightly Diverging Channels. ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 7, July 1987.
Babcock J, Ryan PJ, Tu SW and Wyman V: Diablo Canyon Project, University of California at Berkeley, Physical Model Study Quality Assurance Requirements. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Department of Engineering Research, Report No. 420-DC-87.17, May, 1987.
Barr DIH: Densimetrie Exchange Flow in Rectangular Channels. Part 1: Definitions, Review, and Relevance to Model Design; Part II: Some Observations of the Structure of Lock Exchange Flow. La Houille Blanche 18(7): 739-766, 1963.
Barr DIH: Part III, Large-Scale Experiments. La Houille Blanche 22(6): 619-632, 1967.
Bata GL: Recirculation of Cooling Water in Rivers and Canals. J. of Hydraulic Div., ASCE, Vol. 83, No. HY3, June 1957.
Britter RE and Linden PE: The Motion of a Front of a Gravity Current Travelling Down an Incline. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 99, Part 3, 1980.
Bugler III TW and Tatinclaux JC: Scale Effects on Cooling Tower Model Studies. IIHR Report No. 168, IIHR, Univ. of Iowa, September 1974.
Carter HH: A Preliminary Report on the Characteristics of a Heated Jet Discharged Horizontally into a Transverse Current: Part I, Constant Depth. Technical Report No. 61, Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, November 1969.
Carter HH, Schiemer EW and Regier R: The Buoyant Surface Jet Discharging Normal to an Ambient Flow of Various Depths. Technical Report No. 81, Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1973.
Craya A: Theoretical Research on the Flow of Non-homogeneous Fluids. La Houille Blanche, January-February, 1949 y pp. 44-55.
Elder RA and Dougherty GB: Thermal Density Underflow Diversion, Kingston Steam Plant. Proc. ASCE, Vol. 84, No. HY2, April 1958.
Ellison TH and Turner JS: Turbulent Entrainment in Stratified Flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 6, Part 3, 1959.
Fan LN: Turbulent Buoyant Jets into Stratified or Flowing Ambient Fluids. W.M. Keck Laboratory for Hydraulics and Water Resources, California Institute of Technology, Report No. KH-R-15, 1967.
Fay JA: Physical Processes in the Spread of Oil on a Water Surface. Proc. of Joint Conf. on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Washington, June 1971.
Farrell GJ and Stefan HG: Buoyancy Induced Plunging Flow into Reservoirs and Coastal Regions. Prepared for NSF, Proj. Report No. 241, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, July 1986.
Fietz TR and Wood I: Three Dimensional Density Current. ASCE, Journal of Hydraulics Division, Nov., 1967.
Fisher HB and Holley ER: Analysis of the Use of Distorted Hydraulic Models for Dispersion Studies. Water Resources Research, Vol. 2, 1971.
Fisher HB, List EJ, Koh RCY, Imberger J and Brooks NH: Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. Academic Press, 1979.
Frazer W, Barr DIH and Smith AA: A Hydraulic Model Study of Heat Dissipation at Longannet Power Station. Proc. of Institution of Engineers, 39, Jan. 1988.
Gariel P: Experimental Research on the Flow on Non-homogeneous Fluids, LaHouille Blanche, January-February, 1949, pp. 56-64.
Gelhar LW, Wilson JL, Miller JS and Hamrick JM: Density Induced Mixing in Confined Aquifers. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Parsons Laboratory Report No. 145, March 1972.
Harleman DRF: Stratified Flow. Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, Section 26, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961.
Harleman DRF and Elder RA: Withdrawal from Two Layer Stratified Flows. Proc. ASCE, HY 4, Vol. 91, July 1965.
Harleman DRF and Stolzenbach KD: Fluid Mechanics of Heat Disposal from Power Generation. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 4, 1972.
Helfrich KR and Melville WK: On Long Non-Linear Internal Waves Over Slope-Shelf Topography. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 167, 1986.
Huber WC and Harleman DRF: Laboratory and Analytical Studies of Thermal Stratification of Reservoirs. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report No. 112, 1968.
Huber WC, Harleman DRF and Ryan PJ: Prediction of Internal and Outlet Temperatures in Stratified Reservoirs. Journal of ASCE, Hydraulics Division, April 1972.
Isaacson MS, Koh RCY and Bradas NH: Plume Dilution for Diffusers with Multiport Risers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 2, February 1983.
Ismail NM and Wiegel RL: Opposing Wave Effect on Momentum Jets Spreading Rate. Journal of Waterways, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 4, November 1983.
Jain SC and Kennedy JF: Development and Verification of Laboratory Model Techniques for Prediction of Near-Field Behavior of Cooling Tower Plumes. IIHR Limited Distribution Report No. 60, IIHR, University of Iowa, June 1978.
Jain SC and Kennedy JF: Near Field Model Study of Mine Tailings Discharge Into a Fjord. Prepared for United States Borax & Chemical Corporation by Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa, September 1984.
Jain SC and Nikitopoulous C: Negatively Buoyant Methane Jet into Flowing Ambient Air. IIHR Limited Distribution Report No. 52, IIHR, University of Iowa, November 1977.
Jirka GH and Harleman DRF: The Mechanics of Submerged Multiport Diffusers for Buoyant Discharges in Shallow Water. R.M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report No. 169, 1973.
Jirka GH, Abraham G and Harleman DRF: An Assessment of Techniques for Hydrothermal Prediction. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Parsons Laboratory Report No. 203, July 1975.
Jirka GH, Johnson RP and Sargent FE: Radial Source-Sink Flow into a Stratified Ocean. ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, HY 12, December 1981.
Johnson TR, Farrell GJ, Ellis CR and Stefan HG: Negatively Buoyant Flow in a Diverging Channel, Part I: Flow Regimes and Part II: Flow Field Descriptions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 6, June 1987.
Kennedy JF and Diplas P: Laboratory Investigation of the Design and Operation of Pine Point Mines Salting Pond. IIHR Limited Distribution Report No. 143, IIHR, University of Iowa, August 1987.
Keulegan GH: Interfacial Stability and Mixing in Stratified Flows. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 43, 1949.
Keulegan GH: Laminar Flow at the Interface of Two Liquids. National Bur. Standards (U.S.), Circ. 32, 3, 1944.
Koh RCY and Brooks NH: Fluid Mechanics of Waste Water Disposal in the Ocean. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, No. 7, 1975.
Kuhlman JM: Reynolds Number Effects on Buoyant Surface Jets. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 6, June 1984.
Lawrence GA: Steady Flow Over an Obstacle. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 8, August 1987.
List EJ: Turbulent Jets and Plumes. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 14, 1982.
Meroney RN: Wind Tunnel Experiments on Dense Gas Dispersion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 6, 1982.
Meroney RN and Lohmeyer A: Prediction of Propane Cloud Dispersion by a Wind-Tunnel-Data Calibrated Box Model. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 8, 1984.
Meroney RN: Validation of Fluid Modelling Techniques for Assessing Hazards of Dense Gas Cloud Dispersion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 15, 1987.
Meroney RH: Guidelines for Fluid Modelling of Liquified Natural Gas Cloud Dispersion, Vol. I — Instruction Guide and Vol. II — Technical Support Document. Prepared for Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, May 1986.
Melville WK and Helfrich KR: Transcritical Two-Layer Flow Over Topography. J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 178, 1987.
Nielsen JH: The Three Dimensional Steady Spread of a Density Current Down on Inclined Plane. Basic Research Report No. 22, Hydraulic Laboratory, Tech. University of Denmark, 1971.
Novak P and Cabelka J: Models in Hydraulic Engineering. Pitman Advanced Publishing Program, 1981.
O’Brien MP and Chemo J: Model Law for Motion of Salt Water Through Fresh. Trans., ASCE 99:576-609, 1934.
Rawn AM, Bowerman FR and Brooks NH: Diffusers for Disposal of Sewage in Sea Water. Trans., ASCE, Vol. 126, Part III, 1961.
Rigter BP: Density Induced Return Currents in Outlet Channels. Proc. ASCE, HY2, February 1970.
Roberts PJW: Dispersion of Buoyant Wastewater Discharged from Outfall Diffusers of Finite Length. KH-R-35, W.M. Keck Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, March 1977.
Roberts PJW, Snyder WH and Baumgartner DJ: Submerged Wastefield Formation by Ocean Outfalls. Submitted to ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1987.
Ryan PJ and Harleman DRF: Prediction of Annual Cycle of Temperature Changes in a Stratified Reservoir: Mathematical Model and User’s Manual. Technical Report No. 137, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1971.
Ryan PJ and Harleman DRF: Analytical and Experimental Study of Transient Cooling Pond Behavior. Technical Report No. 161, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Hydrodynamics and Water Resources, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 1973.
Ryan PJ, Leonard MS, Jain SC and Elder RA: Instantaneous and Time Averaged Bottom Temperatures Induced by an Ocean Outfall. Proceedings of 17th Congress of the International Association of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 3, August 1977.
Ryan PJ: Behavior of Sediment Laden Plumes on Steep Slopes. Proceedings of ASCE Water Forum 1986 Conference, Long Beach, CA, August 1986.
Ryan PJ, Tu SW, Ismail N and Wiegel RL: Verification of a Physical Model of a Coastal Discharge. Proceedings of the National Conference in Hydraulic Engineering, Williamsburg, VA, August 1987.
Ryan PJ, Ismail N, Lou R, Tu SW and Wiege RL: Hydraulic Model Verification Tests for Units 1 and 2. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Department of Engineering Research, Report 420-DC-87.15, April 1987.
Ryan PJ, Eiger S and Wiegel RL: Hydraulic Model Production Runs for Diablo Canyon Power Plant. Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Dept. of Engineering Research, Report No. 420-DC-88-1, March, 1988.
Schwüle F: Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media — Model Experiments. English Language Edition, Lewis Publishers, 1988.
Sharp JJ: Hydraulic Modelling. Butterworths, 1981.
Simpson JE: Gravity Currents in the Laboratory, Atmosphere and Ocean. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 14, 1982.
Snyder WH: Guideline for Fluid Modelling of Atmospheric Diffusion. EPA Report No. EPA-600/8/81/009, U.S. EPA., Research Triangle, N.C. 1981.
Stolzenbach KD and Adams EE: Aquatic Disposal of Brines from Geopressured Aquifers. Presented at 1981 International Gas Conference.
Stolzenbach KD and Harleman DRF: An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Surface Discharges of Heated Water. R.M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report No. 135, 1971.
Stolzenbach KD and Harleman DRF: Physical Modelling of Heated Discharges. Ch. 10, Engineering Aspects of Heat Disposal from Power Generation, D.R.F. Harleman, (Ed), R.M. Parsons Laboratory, M.I.T. 1972.
Stommel H and Farmer HG: Control of Salinity in an Estuary by a Transition. Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 12, May 1953.
Sturm TW and Kennedy JF: Heat Loss from Sidearms of Cooling Lakes. ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 106, No. HY5, May 1980.
Tong SS and Stolzenbach KD: Submerged Discharges of Dense Effluent. Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report No. 243, July 1979.
Wakeman TH and Hawkins ML: Bay/Delta Hydraulic Model — 30 Years of Service. ASCE Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado, August 1988.
Wright SJ: Mean Behavior of Buoyant Jets in a Crossflow. J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, HY5, May 1977.
Wright VG: Laboratory and Numerical Study of Mud and Debris Flow. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, March 1987.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ryan, P.J. (1989). Density Models. In: Martins, R. (eds) Recent Advances in Hydraulic Physical Modelling. NATO ASI Series, vol 165. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2344-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2344-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7555-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2344-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive