Abstract
At the societal-urban level, time and space may be used and referred to in inverse and contradictory trends. Lying at the heart of this argument is the significance of time and space for urban society, especially as production resources, as it is impossible to separate society from the space in which it lives.1 The approach taken in this chapter is one that moves back and forth between society and time-space as the elements studied.
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Notes to Chapter 3
See Urry, 1981.
Pred, 1983; 1984
Kern, 1983, p. 4.
Braudel, 1980; Gross, 1985.
Discussions on the transformation in attitude to time are presented by Thompson, 1967; Thrift, 1981; Giddens, 1979; 1981; Whitrow, 1972; Zerubavel, 1981; Toffler, 1980; Lowe, 1982; Kern, 1983; Landes, 1983. The topic was also mentioned by Linder, 1970; Ilchman, 1970; Hall, 1966; Forer, 1978; Kolaja, 1969; Carlstein, 1978; Mumford, 1934; Innis, 1951; Heller, 1978; Zentner, 1966; Diesing, 1962.
Ilchman, 1970.
Eliade, 1954.
Parkes and Thrift, 1980, p. 87.
Linder, 1970.
Whitrow, 1972, p. 7.
De Grazia, 1962.
Giddens, 1979, p. 201.
Whitrow, op. cit., p. 6.
Giddens, 1981, p. 133.
Landes, 1983, pp. 60; 69.
Whitrow, op. cit.; Giddens, op. cit.
Landes, op. cit., pp. 89; 228; 230.
Giddens, 1981.
Thompson, 1967; Thrift, 1981.
Giddens, 1979; p. 201; 1981, pp. 130–131.
Zerubavel, 1981, pp. 59–64; Toffler, 1980, pp. 64–67; 115–117.
Lowe, 1982, p. 11.
Kern, 1983, p. 111.
Mumford, 1934, p. 199.
Landes, 1983, pp. 93–94; 285–287.
Lowe, 1982, pp. 36–37.
Ilchman, op. cit., p. 138; Under, 1970.
On division of labor and separation in time see Goody, 1968, p. 39.
Mumford, 1934, pp. 235–236.
Pettifer and Turner, 1984, p. 38.
Flink, 1975, p. 142; Schwartz-Cowan, 1983, p. 83.
Flink, op. cit., p. 140.
Jackson, 1985, p. 163.
Kern, 1983, p. 214.
Soule, 1955, pp. 90–93.
Under, 1970; Zerubavel, 1979.
Kellerman, 1984.
Kern, 1983, p. 6.
Melbin, 1978.
Forer, 1978; Kolaja, 1969; Carlstein, 1978.
Kern, 1983, pp. 34–35; 94–95.
Under, 1970, pp. 77–109; Zerubavel, 1981, pp. 58–59.
Hall (1966) would argue for an extensive and dispersed time-use in leisure activities, while de Grazia (1962) and Bell (1973, pp. 472–475) would argue for an intensive production-like temporality even in leisure activities.
Diesing, 1962, p. 28.
Parker and Smith, 1976.
Toffler, 1980; pp. 264; 306–309.
Lowe, 1982, p. 6.
Schwartz, 1978; Giddens, 1979, p. 209.
Falk and Abler, 1980, p. 62.
Kellerman, 1984; Lowe, 1982, p. 37.
Diesing, 1962, p. 29.
Ilchman, 1962, p. 138.
Katznelson, 1979, pp. 230–231; Mumford, 1934, p. 18.
Jackson, 1985, p. 15.
Lowe, 1982, p. 36.
Clark, 1951.
Katznelson, op. cit., pp. 230–231; Jackson, 1985, p. 74.
Kern, 1983, p. 156.
Toffler, 1980, pp. 120–121.
On “effective space” and “creative space” see Harvey (1973).
Toffler, op. cit., p. 309.
Ilchman (1970). Different observations were made by Lakoff and Johnson (1980).
Hall, 1966, p. 175.
Jackson, 1985, p. 139.
Webber, 1963, p. 42; Harvey, 1973, p. 178.
Lefebvre, 1970; 1976; 1977.
Hall, 1966, p. 75.
Lefebvre, 1970, p. 265.
Mumford, 1961, p. 98.
Giddens, 1981, p. 147.
Hall and Hay, 1980; Van den Berg, et al., 1982.
Crevecoeur, 1782. On current expressions of these values see Meinig, 1979.
Hayden, 1984, p. 38.
Jackson, 1985, pp. 58–59; 78–79.
On the British planning tradition and privatism see Lowe, 1982, pp. 68–69.
See also Lefebvre, 1970; 1976.
“The American dream was in large part land” (Jackson, 1985, pp. 53–54).
ibid., p. 129.
Carlstein, 1978, p. 156.
Janelle, 1969.
Lefebvre, 1976, p. 83.
Wise, 1971, p., 21. See also Ilchman (1970, p. 138) on the national scene, and Lowe’s (1982, p. 11) cultural analysis.
The term “spatial tyranny” was proposed by Warntz, 1968.
Gross, 1981; 1982.
Parkes and Thrift, 1980, pp. 101; 112.
E.g., Mumford, 1934, pp. 28–29; Webber, 1982.
Durkheim, quoted by Parkes and Thrift, 1980, p. 87.
Hall, 1966, pp. 173–174.
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© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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Kellerman, A. (1989). Time Versus Space in Modern Urban Societies. In: Time, Space, and Society: Geographical Societal Perspectives. The GeoJournal Library, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2287-7_3
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