Abstract
Ontario is a spatially heterogenous province. Natural resource policies and management plans must therefore address and account for this heterogeneity.
An eco-regionalization scheme must possess certain minimum criteria to be effective. These criteria are: 1) an explicit explanation of spatial and temporal scales and variation; 2) a hierarchical construct of eco-regional domains; 3) an explicit quantitative description of the eco-regional domains; and, most importantly, 4) an ability to test a given eco-regional scheme as a hypothesis.
This paper describes a hierarchical eco-regional framework (HEF) currently being constructed for Ontario. HEF is based on the scale-specific expression of ecological domain structure (geo-climatological parameters) and function (primary productivity). The approach relies on current advances in ecological hierarchy theory, remote sensing techniques, GIS methodologies, and statistical techniques. When completed, HEF will serve as a hypothesis which may be tested and validated at several different spatial scales.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, T.F.H. and Starr, T.B.: 1982, Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 310 pp.
Allen, T.F.H., O’Neill, R.V. and Hoekstra, T.W.: 1987, ‘Interlevel relations in ecological research and management: some working principles from hierarchy theory’, J. App. Sys. Analysis 14, 63–79.
Allen, T.F.H. and O’Neill, R.V.: 1991, ‘Improving predictability in networks: system specification through hierarchy theory’, In: M. Higashi and T.P. Burns (eds.), Theoretical Studies of Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 101–114.
Bailey, R.G.: 1976, ‘Ecoregions of the United States’, Map at 1:7 500 000 scale, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah.
Band, L.E.: 1993, ‘Development of a landscape ecological model for management on Ontario forests’, Rep. No. 7, Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 19 pp.
Band, L.E.: 1994, ‘A pilot landscape ecological model for forests in central Ontario’, Rep. No. 17, Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Project, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 65 pp.
Band, L.E., Patterson, J.P., Nemani, R. and Running, S.W.: 1993, ‘Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: incorporating hillslope hydrology’, Ag. For. Meteor. 63, 93–126.
Bian, L. and Walsh, S.J.: 1993, ‘Scale dependencies of vegetation and topography in a mountainous environment of Montana’, Prof. Geogr. 45, 1–11.
Bourgeron, P.S. and Jensen, M.E.: 1994, ‘An overview of ecological principles for ecosystem management’, In: M.E. Jensen and P.S. Bourgeron (eds.), Volume II: Ecosystem Management: Principles and Applications, Gen. Tech. Report No. PNW-GTR-318, US Dep. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, pp. 45–57.
Burger, D.: 1993, ‘Revised site regions of Ontario: concepts, methodology and utility’, Forest Research Report No. 129, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, 23 pp.
Burrough, P.A.: 1986, Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, Oxford University Press, New York, 194 pp.
CERL: 1993, GRASS 4.1 Users Manual, GRASS Interagency Steering Committee, US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Fort Hood, 512 pp.
Chou, P.A.: 1991, ‘Optimal partitioning for classification and regression trees’, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 13(4), 340–354.
Corel Corp.: 1993, CorelDRAW 4.0, CorelDRAW User’s Manual Version 4.0, Ottawa, Ontario, 586 pp.
Csillag, F., Kertesz, M. and Kummert, A.: 1995, ‘Sampling of two-dimensional lattices by stepwise hierarchical tiling based on a local measure of heterogeneity’, International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, (in press).
Currie, D.J. and Fritz, J.T.: 1993, ‘Global patterns of animal abundance and species energy use’, Oikos 67, 56–68.
Eckardt, F.E.: 1968, Functioning of Terrestrial Ecosystems at the Primary Production Level, UNESCO, New York, 516 pp.
Ehleringer, J.R. and Field, C.B. (eds.): 1993, Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe, Academic Press, New York, 388 pp.
Gosz, J.R.: 1993, ‘Ecotone hierarchies’, Ecol. Appl. 3, 369–376.
Haase, G.: 1989, ‘Medium scale landscape classification in the German Democratic Republic’, Land. Ecol. 3, 29–41.
Hills, G.A.: 1961, ‘The ecological basis for land-use planning’, Research Report No. 46, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ontario.
Klijn, F. and de Haes, A.U.: 1994, ‘A hierarchical approach to ecosystems and its implications for ecological land classification’, Land. Ecol. 9, 89–104.
Kertesz, M., Csillag, F. and Kummert, A.: 1995, ‘Mapping heterogenous images by optimal tiling’, International Journal of Remote Sensing, (in press).
Kertesz, M., Kummert, A. and Csillag, F.: 1993, ‘From pyramids to quadtrees: mapping heterogenous surfaces by fixing complexity’, In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 719, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 49–57.
Koestler, A.: 1967, The Ghost in the Machine, Macmillan Press, New York, 384 pp.
Leith, H.F.H. and Whittaker, R.H.: 1975, Primary Productivity of the Biosphere, Ecological Studies No. 14, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Levin, S.A.: 1992, ‘The problem of pattern and scale in ecology’, Ecology 73, 1943–1967.
Morrison, I.K.: 1990, ‘Organic matter and mineral distribution in an old-growth Acer saccharum forest near the northern limit of its range’, Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, 1332–1342.
Muller, F.: 1992, ‘Hierarchical approaches to ecosystem theory’, Ecol. Model. 63, 215–242.
Nemani, R., Running, S.W. and Band, L.E.: 1993, ‘Regional Hydroecological Simulation System: an illustration of the integration of ecosystem models in GIS’, In: M.F. Goodchild, B. Parks, and L. Staeyart (eds.), Environmental Modelling with GIS, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 296–304.
O’Neill, R.V., DeAngelis, D.L., Waide, J.B. and Allen, T.F.H.: 1986, Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems, Monographs in Population Biology No. 23, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 254 pp.
Ontario Forest Policy Panel: 1993, ‘A comprehensive forest policy framework for Ontario’, Report of the Ontario Forest Policy Panel, Queens Printer, Toronto, Ontario, 147 pp.
Pickett, S.T.A., Kolasa, J., Armesto, J.J. and Collins, S.L.: 1989, ‘The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels’, Oikos 54, 129–136.
Pojar, J., Klinka, K. and Meidinger, D.V.: 1987, ‘Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia’, For. Ecol. Manage. 22, 119–154.
Rhode, K.: 1992, ‘Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause’, Oikos 65, 514–527.
Statistical Sciences, Inc.: 1991, S-PLUS Reference Manual, Seattle, Washington.
Strong, W.L. and Leggat, K.R.: 1981, ‘Ecoregions of Alberta’, Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Edmonton, Alberta, 64 pp.
Turner, M.G., Dale, V.H. and Gardener, R.H.: 1989, ‘Predicting across scales: theory development and testing’, Land. Ecol. 3, 245–252.
Urban, D.L., O’Neill, R.V. and Shugart, H.H.: 1987, ‘Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can help scientists understand spatial patterns’, BioScience 37, 119–127.
Vitousek, P.M.: 1993, ‘Global dynamics and ecosystems processes: scaling up or down?’, In: J.R. Ehleringer and C.B. Field (eds.), Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe, Academic Press, New York, pp. 169–177.
Walters, C.J.: 1986, Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources, McGraw-Hill, New York, 374 pp.
Weintraub, A. and Cholaky, A.: 1991, ‘A hierarchical approach to forest planning’, For. Sci. 37, 439–460.
Weiss, P.A.: 1971, ‘The basic concept of hierarchic systems’, In: P.A. Weiss (ed.), Hierarchically Organized Systems in Theory and Practice, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–44.
Wessman, C.A.: 1992, ‘Spatial scales and global change: bridging the gap from plots to GCM grid cells’, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23, 175–200.
Wickware, G.M. and Rubec, C.D.A.: 1989, ‘Ecoregions of Ontario’, Ecological Land Classification Series No. 26, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Wiens, J.A.: 1989, ‘Spatial scaling in ecology’, Functional Ecol. 3, 385–397.
Wiken, E.B.: 1979, ‘Rationale and methods of ecological land surveys: an overview of Canadian approaches’, Ecological Classification Series No. 11, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Wiken, E.B., and Ironside, G.: 1977, ‘The development of ecological (biophysical) land classification in Canada’, Land. Plann. 4, 273–275.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perera, A.H., Baker, J.A., Band, L.E., Baldwin, D.J.B. (1996). A Strategic Framework to Eco-Regionalize Ontario. In: Sims, R.A., Corns, I.G.W., Klinka, K. (eds) Global to Local: Ecological Land Classification. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1653-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1653-1_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7239-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1653-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive