Theander, O. (1985) “Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Extractives,” Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R.P. Overend, T.A. Milne, and L.K. Mudge, eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, pp. 35–60.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Glasser, W. (1985) “Lignin,” Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R.P. Overend, T.A. Milne, and L.K. Mudge, eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, pp. 61–76.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Grabosky, M. and Bain, R. (1979) “Properties of Biomass Relevant to Gasification,” A Survey of Biomass Gasification. Volume II.-Principles of Gasification, T.B. Reed, ed., Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/TR-33–329, p. II–21 to II–66.
Google Scholar
Dayton, D.C. (1996) “The fate of Alkali Metal During Biomass Thermoconversion,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Baxter, L.L.; Jenkins, B.M.; Milne, T.A.; and Dayton, D. (1996) “Ash Deposit Formation in Biomass Boilers,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Moses, C. (1994) “Fuel-Specification Considerations for Biomass Liquids,” Proceedings Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, T.A. Milne, ed., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL-CP-430–7215, pp.362–382.
Google Scholar
Stamm, A.J. (1956) “Thermal Degradation of Wood and Cellulose,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 413–417.
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Lédé, J.; Diebold, J.P.; Peacocke, G.V.C; Piskorz, J. (1996) “The Nature and Properties of Intermediate and Unvaporized Biomass Pyrolysis Materials,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
McGinnis, E.A. Jr.; Harlow, C.A.; and Beall, F.C. (1976) “Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Processing in Wood Charcoal Studies,” Scanning Electron Microscopy/1976 (part 1) Proceedings of the Workshop on Plant Science Applications of the SEM, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL.
Google Scholar
Gaur, S. and Reed, T.B. (1995) An Atlas of Thermal Data for Biomass and Other Fuels, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/TP-433–7965, 153 pp.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Antal, M.J., Jr. (1983) “Biomass Pyrolysis: a Review of the Literature. Part 1. Carbohydrate Pyrolysis,” Advances in Solar Energy, K.W. Boer and J.A. Duffield, eds., Solar Energy Society, NY, pp. 61–111.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Radlein, D.; Piskorz, J.; and Scott, D.S. (1991) “Fast Pyrolysis of Natural Polysaccharides as a Potential Industrial Process,” JAAP, vol. 19, pp. 41–63.
CAS
Google Scholar
Richards, G.N. (1994) “Chemistry of Pyrolysis of Polysaccharides and Lignocellulosics,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp. 727–745.
Google Scholar
Petrocelli, F.P. and Klein, M.T. (1985) “Simulation of Kraft Lignin Pyrolysis,” Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R.P. Overend, T.A. Milne, and L.K. Mudge, eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, pp. 257–274.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Evans, R.J. and Milne, T.A. (1987) “Molecular Characterization of the Pyrolysis of Biomass. 1. Fundamentals,” Energy and Fuels, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 123–137.
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P. (1980) “Ablative Pyrolysis of Macroparticles of Biomass, Proceedings Specialists’ Workshop on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass, J.P. Diebold, ed., Copper Mountain, CO, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/CP-622–1096, pp. 237–252.
Google Scholar
Lédé, J.; Panagopoulos, J.; Li, H.Z.; and Villermaux, J. (1985) “Fast Pyrolysis of Wood: Direct Measurement and Study of Ablation Rate,” Fuel, pp. 1514–1520.
Google Scholar
Bridgwater, A.V. (1995) “Engineering developments in flash pyrolysis technology”, Proceedings of conference on bio-oil production and utilisation, Estes Park, CO., USA, 24–26 September 1994 (NREL)
Google Scholar
Maniatis, K.; Baeyens, J.; Peeters, H.; and Roggeman, G. (1994) “The Egemin Flash Pyrolysis Process: Commissioning and Initial Results,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp. 1257–1264.
Google Scholar
Kovac, R.J.; Gorton, C.W.; and O’Neil, D.J. (1988) “Production and Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils,” Thermochemical Conversion Program Annual Meeting, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/CP-231–3355, DE88001187, pp. 5–20.
Google Scholar
Kovac, R.J.; Gorton, C.W.; Knight, J.A.; Newman, C.J.; and O’Neil, D.J. (1991) Research on the Pyrolysis of Hardwood in an Entrained Bed Process Development Unit, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, PNL-7788, UC-245, 162+pp.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Kovac, R.J. and O’Neil, D.J. (1989) “The Georgia Tech Entrained Flow Pyrolysis Process,” Pyrolysis and Gasification, G.L. Ferrero, K. Maniatis, A. Buekens, and A.V. Bridgwater, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 169–179.
Google Scholar
Scott, D.S. and Piskorz, J. (1984) “The Continuous Flash Pyrolysis of Biomass,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 62, pp. 404–412.
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Cuevas, A. and Medina, E. (1993) “Leben, Galicia: Collection, Handling, and Thermochemical Energy Use of Resulting Products. A Final Report,” E.C. Joule Contractors Meeting, June, Athens, Greece.
Google Scholar
Flanigan, V.J.; Huang, W.E.; Clancy, E.; and Sitton, O.C. (1986) “Commercial Design of an Indirect Fired Fluid Bed Gasifier System,” Proceedings of the 1985 Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Contractors’ Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October 15–16, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, PNL-SA-13571, CONF-8510167, pp. 319–338.
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P. (1980) “Gasoline from Solid Wastes by a Noncatalytic, Thermal Process,” Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass, ACS Symposium Series 130, pp. 209–226.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Brown, D.B. (1996) “Continuous Ablative Regenerator System,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU-Canada Workshop of Thermal Biomass Processing, A.V. Bridgwater and E.N. Hogan, eds., CPL Press, Berkshire, U.K., pp. 96–101.
Google Scholar
Brown, D.B. and Black, J. (1992) “Method and Apparatus for Ablative Heat Transfer,” International Patent Application WO 92/09671.
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P. and Scahill, J.W. (1995) “Improvements in the Vortex Reactor Design,” in these proceedings. See also U.S. Patent 5,413,227.
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P. and Power, A.J. (1988) “Engineering Aspects of the Vortex Reactor to Produce Primary Pyrolysis Oil Vapors for Use in Resins and Adhesives,” Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and J.L. Kuester, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 609–628.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Reed, T.B. (1988) “Contact Pyrolysis in a ‘Pyrolysis Mill’,” Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and J.L. Kuester, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 192–202.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Peacocke, G.V.C. and Bridgwater, A.V. (1995) “Ablative Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Liquids: Results and Analyses,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp.35–48.
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, H.R. and Rasmussen, H.J. (1961) “Method and Apparatus for the Production of Smoke for Food-Treating Purposes,” U.S. Patent 3,009,457.
Google Scholar
Roy, C.; Pakdel, H.; and Amen-Chen, C. (1996) “Enhanced Production of Fine Chemicals from Biomass by Vacuum Pyrolysis,” in these proceedings
Google Scholar
Wagenaar, R.M. and Prins, W. (1996) “Construction and Testing of a 50 kg/h Pyrolysis Test-Unit for Shenyang Agricultural University,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Chang, P.W. and Preston, G.T. (1981) “The Occidental Flash Pyrolysis Process,” in Biomass Conversion Processes for Energy and Fuels, S.S. Sofer and O.R. Zaborsky, eds., Plenum Press, NY, pp. 173–185.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Harrison, B. and Vesiland, P.A. (1980) “The San Diego Flash Pyrolysis Project,” in Design & Management for Resource Recovery. Volume 2. High Technology-A Failure Analysis, P.A. Vesilind, ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, pp.61–84.
Google Scholar
Graham, R.G.; Freel, B.A.; Huffman, D.H.; and Bergounou, M.A. (1994) “Applications of Rapid Thermal Processing of Biomass,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Publishers, London, pp. 1275–1288.
Google Scholar
Graham, R.G.; Freel, B.A.; Huffman, D.R.; and Bergounou, M.A. (1994) “Commercial-Scale Rapid Thermal Processing of Biomass,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 7, Nos. 1–6, pp. 251–258.
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Freel, B.A.; Graham, R.G.; and Huffman, D.R. (1996) “Commercial Aspects of Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP),” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 86–95.
Google Scholar
Boukis, I. (1996) “Practical Implications During Operation of a CFB Air-Blown Pyrolyser,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 49–65.
Google Scholar
Milne, T.A.; Agblevor, F.A.; Davis, M.; Deutch, S.; and Johnson, D. (1996) “A Review of the Chemical Composition of Fast Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Fagernäs, L. (1995) Chemical and Physical Characterization of Biomass-Based Pyrolysis Oils. Literature Review, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, VTT Research Notes 1706,113+ pp.
Google Scholar
Czernik, S. (1994) “Storage of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 67–76.
Google Scholar
Elliott, D.C. (1988) “Relation of Reaction Time and Temperature to Chemical Composition of Pyrolysis Oils,” Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass. Producing, Analyzing, and Upgrading, ACS Symposium Series 376, pp.55–65.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Casanova-Kindelan, J. (1994) “Comparative Study of Various Physical and Chemical Aspects of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils Versus Conventional Fuels Regarding Their Use in Engines,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215 pp. 343–354.
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P.; Scahill, J.W.; Czernik, S.; Phillips, S.D.; and Feik, C.J. (1996) “Progress in the Production of Hot Gas Filtered Bio-Crude Oil at NREL,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 66–81.
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P.; Oasmaa, A.; Bridgwater, A.V.; Piskorz, J.; Huffman, D.; Cuevas, A.; Gust, S.; Czernik, S.; and Milne, T.A. (1996) “Proposed Specifications for Various Grades of Pyrolysis Oils,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Scahill, J.W.; Diebold, J.P.; Czernik, S.; and Feik, C.J. (1996) “Removal of Residual Char Fines from Pyrolysis Vapors by Hot-Gas Filtration,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Agblevor, F.A.; Besler, S; and Evans, R.J. (1994) “Inorganic Compounds in Biomass Feedstocks: Their Role in Char Formation and Effect on the Quality of Fast Pyrolysis Oils,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215 pp. 77–89.
Google Scholar
Agblevor, F.A.; Besler, S.; Montane, D. and Evans, R.J. (1995) “Influence of Inorganic Compounds on Char Formation and Quality of Fast Pyrolysis Oils,” ACS 209th National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, April 2–5.
Google Scholar
Czernik, S,; Johnson, D.K.; and Black, S. (1994) “Stability of Wood Fast Pyrolysis Oil,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 7, No. 1–6, pp. 187–192.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Radlein, D. (1996) “Fast Pyrolysis for the Production of Chemicals,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, Newbury UK, 1991, pp. 113–123.
Google Scholar
Underwood, G. (1992) “Commercialization of Fast Pyrolysis Products,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, Eds. Hogan, E., Grassi, G. and Bridgwater, A.V October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, London, pp. 226–228.
Google Scholar
Scott, D.S.; Radlein, D.; Piskorz, J.; and Majerski, P (1992) “Potential of Fast Pyrolysis for the Production of Chemicals,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, Eds. Hogan, E., Grassi, G. and Bridgwater, A.V., CPL Press, Newbury UK, pp. 78
Google Scholar
Longley, C.J.; Howard, J,; and Morrison, A.E. (1992) “Levoglucosan from Pyrolysis Oils: Isolation and Applications,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, London, pp. 179–180.
Google Scholar
Moeus, L. (1995) “Isolation of Levoglucosan from Lignocellulosic Pyrolysis. Oil Derived from Wood or Waste,” U.S. Patent 5,432,276
Google Scholar
Pernikis, P.; Zandersons, J.; and Lazdina, B. (1996) “Obtaining Levoglucosan by Fast Thermolysis of Cellolignin-Pathways of Levoglucosan Use,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Scott, D.S.; Czernik, S.; Piskorz, J.; and Radlein, D. (1989) “Sugars from Biomass Cellulose by a Thermal Conversion Process,” Proceedings of IGT’s Energy from Biomass and Wastes XIII, February 13–17, New Orleans.
Google Scholar
Scott, D.S.; Czernik, S.; Piskorz, J.; and Radlein, D. (1989) “Sugars from Biomass Cellulose by a Thermal Conversion Process,” in Pyrolysis and Gasification, Eds. Ferrero, G-L, Maniatis, K.; Buekens, A.; and Bridgwater, A.V., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 201–208.
Google Scholar
Solantausta, Y.; Diebold, J.P.; Elliott, D.C.; Bridgwater, A.V.; and Beckman, D. (1994) Assessment of Liquefaction and Pyrolysis Systems, VTT, Espoo, Finland, VTT Research Notes 1573, pp. 75–84.
Google Scholar
Scott, D.S.; Piskorz, J.; Majerski, P.; and Radlein, D. (1996) “Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Recovery of Exotic Chemicals,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Kaminsky, W. and Brolund, N. (1996) “Petrochemicals from Bark by Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Freel, B. and Huffman, D. (1994) “Applied Oil Combustion,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 309–315.
Google Scholar
Oehr, K.H. and Barrass, G. (1992) “Biomass Derived Alkaline Carboxylate Road Deicers,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, London, pp. 181–183.
Google Scholar
Oehr, K.H. (1996) “Simultaneous SOx/NOx Emission Control with Bio-Lime Derived from Biomass Waste,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Kelley, S.S; Meyers, M.; Johnson, D.K.; Scahill, J.W.; and Diebold, J.P. (1996) “Phenolic Resin from Biomass Pyrolysis Oils,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Himmelblau, D.A. (1995) “Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Substitutes from Biomass Tars,” Proceedings Second Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, August 21–24, Portland, OR, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/CP-200–0898, DE95009230, pp. 1141–1150.
Google Scholar
Shihadeh, A.; Lewis, P.; Manurung, R.; and Beér, J. (1994) “Combustion Characterization of Wood-Derived Flash Pyrolysis Oils in Industrial-Scale Turbulent Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 281–295.
Google Scholar
Huffman, D.R.; Vogiatzis, A.J.; and Clarke, D.A. (1995) “Combustion of Bio-Oil,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 227–235.
Google Scholar
Gust, S. (1995) “Flash Pyrolysis Fuel-Oil,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 223–226.
Google Scholar
Ligasacchi, S.; Mosti, A.; and Rossi, C. (1995) “Bio-fuel Oil Combustion in a 0.5 MW Furnace,” Proceedings Second Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, August 21–24, Portland, OR, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/CP-200–0898, DE95009230, pp. 1110–1120.
Google Scholar
Baxter, L. and Jenkins, B. (1994) “Baseline NOx Emissions During Combustion of Wood-Derived Pyrolysis Oils,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 270–280.
Google Scholar
Andrews, R.G. and Patniak, P.C. (1996) “Feasibility of Utilizing a Biomass Derived Fuel for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 236–245.
Google Scholar
Solantausta, Y.; Nylund, N.; Oasmaa, A.; Westerholm, M.; and Sipilä, K. (1994) “Preliminary Tests with Wood Derived Pyrolysis Oil as Fuel in a Stationary Diesel Engine,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 355–361.
Google Scholar
Oasmaa, A. and Sipilä, K. (1995) “Pyrolysis Oil Properties: Use of Pyrolysis Oil as Fuel in Medium Speed Diesel Engines,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 175–185.
Google Scholar
Gros, S. (1995) “Pyrolysis Oil as Diesel Fuel,” Seminar on Power Production from Biomass II, March 27–28, Espoo, Finland.
Google Scholar
Jay, D.C.; Sipilä, K.H.; Rantanen, O.A.; and Nylund, N-O. (1995) “Wood Pyrolysis Oil for Diesel Engines,” ASME Fall Technical Conference, Milwaukee, WI, September 24–27.
Google Scholar
Leech, J., (1996) “Third Interim Report on Development of an Internal Combustion Engine for Use with Crude Bio-oil and Evaluation of Associated Processes”, Report to EC, Contract RENA-CT94–0070, June.
Google Scholar
Casanova-Kindelan, J. (1996) “Crude Bio-Oils in Small Diesel Engines,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Suppes, G.J.; Natarajan, V.P.; and Chen, Z. (1996) “Autoignition of Select Oxygenate Fuels in a Simulated Diesel Engine Environment,” AIChE National Meeting, February 26, New Orleans, paper 74e.
Google Scholar
Diebold, J.P. (1985) The Cracking of Depolymerized Biomass Vapors in a Continuous, Tubular Reactor, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, Thesis T-3007, 236 pp.
Google Scholar
Chornet, E.; Czernik, S.; Wang, D.; and Montane, D. (1996) “Catalytic Steam Reforming of Biomass-Derived Fractions from Pyrolysis Processes,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Brocksiepe, H-G. (1986) “Charcoal,” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition, Vol. A6, VCH, pp. 157–162.
Google Scholar
Reed, T.B.; Diebold, J.P.; and Desrosiers, R. (1980) “Perspectives in Heat Transfer Requirements and Mechanisms for Fast Pyrolysis,” Proceedings Specialists’ Workshop on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass, Copper Mountain, CO, October 19–22, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/CP-622–1096.
Google Scholar
Shaddix, C.R. and Huey, S. (1996) “Combustion Characteristics of Pyrolysis Oils Derived from Hybrid Poplar,” in these proceedings.
Google Scholar
Stamm, A. and Harris, E.E. (1953) Chemical Processing of Wood, Chem. Publishing Co., NY, p. 454.
Google Scholar
Grégoire, C.E. and Bain, R.L. (1994) “Technoeconomic Analysis of the Production of Biocrude from Wood,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 7, No. 1–6, pp. 275–283.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Sax, N.I. (1979) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, p. 895.
Google Scholar
Gratson, D.A. (1994) “Results of Toxicological Testing of Whole Wood Oils Derived from the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 203–211.
Google Scholar
Beckman, D.; Elliott, D.C.; Gevert, B.; Hörneil, G; Kjellstrom, B.; Östman, A.; Solantausta, Y.; and Tulenheimo, V. (1990) Techno-Economic Assessment of Selected Biomass Liquefaction Processes, Technical Research Centre, Espoo, Finland, VTT Research Report 697, pp. 38–63.
Google Scholar
Beckman, D. and Graham, R. (1994) “Economic Assessment of a Wood Fast Pyrolysis Plant,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Publishers, London, pp. 1314–1324.
Google Scholar
Cottam, M-L. and Bridgwater, A.V. (1994) “Techno-Economics of Pyrolysis Oil Production and Upgrading,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Publishers, London, pp. 1343–1358.
Google Scholar
Tippee, R. and Beck, R.J. (1995) “Politics has a Strong Say in Who Benefits from Oil,” Oil and Gas J., April 3, pp. 41–53.
Google Scholar