Skip to main content

Overview of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for the Production of Liquid Fuels

  • Chapter
Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview for the fast pyrolysis of biomass for the production of liquid fuels. The basic concepts are described that pertain to the realization of fast pyrolysis in research, bench, and pilot scales. A description of the products and potential uses is included. This paper serves as an introduction for many of the following papers related to pyrolysis and provides representative references for further study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Theander, O. (1985) “Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Extractives,” Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R.P. Overend, T.A. Milne, and L.K. Mudge, eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, pp. 35–60.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Glasser, W. (1985) “Lignin,” Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R.P. Overend, T.A. Milne, and L.K. Mudge, eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, pp. 61–76.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Grabosky, M. and Bain, R. (1979) “Properties of Biomass Relevant to Gasification,” A Survey of Biomass Gasification. Volume II.-Principles of Gasification, T.B. Reed, ed., Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/TR-33–329, p. II–21 to II–66.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dayton, D.C. (1996) “The fate of Alkali Metal During Biomass Thermoconversion,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Baxter, L.L.; Jenkins, B.M.; Milne, T.A.; and Dayton, D. (1996) “Ash Deposit Formation in Biomass Boilers,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Moses, C. (1994) “Fuel-Specification Considerations for Biomass Liquids,” Proceedings Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, T.A. Milne, ed., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL-CP-430–7215, pp.362–382.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Stamm, A.J. (1956) “Thermal Degradation of Wood and Cellulose,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 413–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lédé, J.; Diebold, J.P.; Peacocke, G.V.C; Piskorz, J. (1996) “The Nature and Properties of Intermediate and Unvaporized Biomass Pyrolysis Materials,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  9. McGinnis, E.A. Jr.; Harlow, C.A.; and Beall, F.C. (1976) “Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Processing in Wood Charcoal Studies,” Scanning Electron Microscopy/1976 (part 1) Proceedings of the Workshop on Plant Science Applications of the SEM, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gaur, S. and Reed, T.B. (1995) An Atlas of Thermal Data for Biomass and Other Fuels, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/TP-433–7965, 153 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Antal, M.J., Jr. (1983) “Biomass Pyrolysis: a Review of the Literature. Part 1. Carbohydrate Pyrolysis,” Advances in Solar Energy, K.W. Boer and J.A. Duffield, eds., Solar Energy Society, NY, pp. 61–111.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Radlein, D.; Piskorz, J.; and Scott, D.S. (1991) “Fast Pyrolysis of Natural Polysaccharides as a Potential Industrial Process,” JAAP, vol. 19, pp. 41–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Richards, G.N. (1994) “Chemistry of Pyrolysis of Polysaccharides and Lignocellulosics,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp. 727–745.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Petrocelli, F.P. and Klein, M.T. (1985) “Simulation of Kraft Lignin Pyrolysis,” Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, R.P. Overend, T.A. Milne, and L.K. Mudge, eds., Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, pp. 257–274.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Evans, R.J. and Milne, T.A. (1987) “Molecular Characterization of the Pyrolysis of Biomass. 1. Fundamentals,” Energy and Fuels, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 123–137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Diebold, J.P. (1980) “Ablative Pyrolysis of Macroparticles of Biomass, Proceedings Specialists’ Workshop on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass, J.P. Diebold, ed., Copper Mountain, CO, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/CP-622–1096, pp. 237–252.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lédé, J.; Panagopoulos, J.; Li, H.Z.; and Villermaux, J. (1985) “Fast Pyrolysis of Wood: Direct Measurement and Study of Ablation Rate,” Fuel, pp. 1514–1520.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bridgwater, A.V. (1995) “Engineering developments in flash pyrolysis technology”, Proceedings of conference on bio-oil production and utilisation, Estes Park, CO., USA, 24–26 September 1994 (NREL)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Maniatis, K.; Baeyens, J.; Peeters, H.; and Roggeman, G. (1994) “The Egemin Flash Pyrolysis Process: Commissioning and Initial Results,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional, London, pp. 1257–1264.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kovac, R.J.; Gorton, C.W.; and O’Neil, D.J. (1988) “Production and Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils,” Thermochemical Conversion Program Annual Meeting, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/CP-231–3355, DE88001187, pp. 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kovac, R.J.; Gorton, C.W.; Knight, J.A.; Newman, C.J.; and O’Neil, D.J. (1991) Research on the Pyrolysis of Hardwood in an Entrained Bed Process Development Unit, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, PNL-7788, UC-245, 162+pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  22. Kovac, R.J. and O’Neil, D.J. (1989) “The Georgia Tech Entrained Flow Pyrolysis Process,” Pyrolysis and Gasification, G.L. Ferrero, K. Maniatis, A. Buekens, and A.V. Bridgwater, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 169–179.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Scott, D.S. and Piskorz, J. (1984) “The Continuous Flash Pyrolysis of Biomass,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 62, pp. 404–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cuevas, A. and Medina, E. (1993) “Leben, Galicia: Collection, Handling, and Thermochemical Energy Use of Resulting Products. A Final Report,” E.C. Joule Contractors Meeting, June, Athens, Greece.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Flanigan, V.J.; Huang, W.E.; Clancy, E.; and Sitton, O.C. (1986) “Commercial Design of an Indirect Fired Fluid Bed Gasifier System,” Proceedings of the 1985 Biomass Thermochemical Conversion Contractors’ Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October 15–16, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, PNL-SA-13571, CONF-8510167, pp. 319–338.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Diebold, J.P. (1980) “Gasoline from Solid Wastes by a Noncatalytic, Thermal Process,” Thermal Conversion of Solid Wastes and Biomass, ACS Symposium Series 130, pp. 209–226.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown, D.B. (1996) “Continuous Ablative Regenerator System,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU-Canada Workshop of Thermal Biomass Processing, A.V. Bridgwater and E.N. Hogan, eds., CPL Press, Berkshire, U.K., pp. 96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Brown, D.B. and Black, J. (1992) “Method and Apparatus for Ablative Heat Transfer,” International Patent Application WO 92/09671.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Diebold, J.P. and Scahill, J.W. (1995) “Improvements in the Vortex Reactor Design,” in these proceedings. See also U.S. Patent 5,413,227.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Diebold, J.P. and Power, A.J. (1988) “Engineering Aspects of the Vortex Reactor to Produce Primary Pyrolysis Oil Vapors for Use in Resins and Adhesives,” Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and J.L. Kuester, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 609–628.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Reed, T.B. (1988) “Contact Pyrolysis in a ‘Pyrolysis Mill’,” Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater and J.L. Kuester, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 192–202.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Peacocke, G.V.C. and Bridgwater, A.V. (1995) “Ablative Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Liquids: Results and Analyses,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp.35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rasmussen, H.R. and Rasmussen, H.J. (1961) “Method and Apparatus for the Production of Smoke for Food-Treating Purposes,” U.S. Patent 3,009,457.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Roy, C.; Pakdel, H.; and Amen-Chen, C. (1996) “Enhanced Production of Fine Chemicals from Biomass by Vacuum Pyrolysis,” in these proceedings

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wagenaar, R.M. and Prins, W. (1996) “Construction and Testing of a 50 kg/h Pyrolysis Test-Unit for Shenyang Agricultural University,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Chang, P.W. and Preston, G.T. (1981) “The Occidental Flash Pyrolysis Process,” in Biomass Conversion Processes for Energy and Fuels, S.S. Sofer and O.R. Zaborsky, eds., Plenum Press, NY, pp. 173–185.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Harrison, B. and Vesiland, P.A. (1980) “The San Diego Flash Pyrolysis Project,” in Design & Management for Resource Recovery. Volume 2. High Technology-A Failure Analysis, P.A. Vesilind, ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, pp.61–84.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Graham, R.G.; Freel, B.A.; Huffman, D.H.; and Bergounou, M.A. (1994) “Applications of Rapid Thermal Processing of Biomass,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Publishers, London, pp. 1275–1288.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Graham, R.G.; Freel, B.A.; Huffman, D.R.; and Bergounou, M.A. (1994) “Commercial-Scale Rapid Thermal Processing of Biomass,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 7, Nos. 1–6, pp. 251–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Freel, B.A.; Graham, R.G.; and Huffman, D.R. (1996) “Commercial Aspects of Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP),” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 86–95.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Boukis, I. (1996) “Practical Implications During Operation of a CFB Air-Blown Pyrolyser,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 49–65.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Milne, T.A.; Agblevor, F.A.; Davis, M.; Deutch, S.; and Johnson, D. (1996) “A Review of the Chemical Composition of Fast Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Fagernäs, L. (1995) Chemical and Physical Characterization of Biomass-Based Pyrolysis Oils. Literature Review, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, VTT Research Notes 1706,113+ pp.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Czernik, S. (1994) “Storage of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Elliott, D.C. (1988) “Relation of Reaction Time and Temperature to Chemical Composition of Pyrolysis Oils,” Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass. Producing, Analyzing, and Upgrading, ACS Symposium Series 376, pp.55–65.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  46. Casanova-Kindelan, J. (1994) “Comparative Study of Various Physical and Chemical Aspects of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils Versus Conventional Fuels Regarding Their Use in Engines,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215 pp. 343–354.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Diebold, J.P.; Scahill, J.W.; Czernik, S.; Phillips, S.D.; and Feik, C.J. (1996) “Progress in the Production of Hot Gas Filtered Bio-Crude Oil at NREL,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 66–81.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Diebold, J.P.; Oasmaa, A.; Bridgwater, A.V.; Piskorz, J.; Huffman, D.; Cuevas, A.; Gust, S.; Czernik, S.; and Milne, T.A. (1996) “Proposed Specifications for Various Grades of Pyrolysis Oils,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Scahill, J.W.; Diebold, J.P.; Czernik, S.; and Feik, C.J. (1996) “Removal of Residual Char Fines from Pyrolysis Vapors by Hot-Gas Filtration,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Agblevor, F.A.; Besler, S; and Evans, R.J. (1994) “Inorganic Compounds in Biomass Feedstocks: Their Role in Char Formation and Effect on the Quality of Fast Pyrolysis Oils,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215 pp. 77–89.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Agblevor, F.A.; Besler, S.; Montane, D. and Evans, R.J. (1995) “Influence of Inorganic Compounds on Char Formation and Quality of Fast Pyrolysis Oils,” ACS 209th National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, April 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Czernik, S,; Johnson, D.K.; and Black, S. (1994) “Stability of Wood Fast Pyrolysis Oil,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 7, No. 1–6, pp. 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Radlein, D. (1996) “Fast Pyrolysis for the Production of Chemicals,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, Newbury UK, 1991, pp. 113–123.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Underwood, G. (1992) “Commercialization of Fast Pyrolysis Products,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, Eds. Hogan, E., Grassi, G. and Bridgwater, A.V October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, London, pp. 226–228.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Scott, D.S.; Radlein, D.; Piskorz, J.; and Majerski, P (1992) “Potential of Fast Pyrolysis for the Production of Chemicals,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, Eds. Hogan, E., Grassi, G. and Bridgwater, A.V., CPL Press, Newbury UK, pp. 78

    Google Scholar 

  56. Longley, C.J.; Howard, J,; and Morrison, A.E. (1992) “Levoglucosan from Pyrolysis Oils: Isolation and Applications,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, London, pp. 179–180.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Moeus, L. (1995) “Isolation of Levoglucosan from Lignocellulosic Pyrolysis. Oil Derived from Wood or Waste,” U.S. Patent 5,432,276

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pernikis, P.; Zandersons, J.; and Lazdina, B. (1996) “Obtaining Levoglucosan by Fast Thermolysis of Cellolignin-Pathways of Levoglucosan Use,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Scott, D.S.; Czernik, S.; Piskorz, J.; and Radlein, D. (1989) “Sugars from Biomass Cellulose by a Thermal Conversion Process,” Proceedings of IGT’s Energy from Biomass and Wastes XIII, February 13–17, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Scott, D.S.; Czernik, S.; Piskorz, J.; and Radlein, D. (1989) “Sugars from Biomass Cellulose by a Thermal Conversion Process,” in Pyrolysis and Gasification, Eds. Ferrero, G-L, Maniatis, K.; Buekens, A.; and Bridgwater, A.V., Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 201–208.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Solantausta, Y.; Diebold, J.P.; Elliott, D.C.; Bridgwater, A.V.; and Beckman, D. (1994) Assessment of Liquefaction and Pyrolysis Systems, VTT, Espoo, Finland, VTT Research Notes 1573, pp. 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Scott, D.S.; Piskorz, J.; Majerski, P.; and Radlein, D. (1996) “Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Recovery of Exotic Chemicals,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kaminsky, W. and Brolund, N. (1996) “Petrochemicals from Bark by Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Freel, B. and Huffman, D. (1994) “Applied Oil Combustion,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 309–315.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Oehr, K.H. and Barrass, G. (1992) “Biomass Derived Alkaline Carboxylate Road Deicers,” Biomass Thermal Processing. Proceedings of the First Canada/European Community R&D Contractors Meeting, October 1990, Ottawa, CPL Press, London, pp. 181–183.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Oehr, K.H. (1996) “Simultaneous SOx/NOx Emission Control with Bio-Lime Derived from Biomass Waste,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kelley, S.S; Meyers, M.; Johnson, D.K.; Scahill, J.W.; and Diebold, J.P. (1996) “Phenolic Resin from Biomass Pyrolysis Oils,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Himmelblau, D.A. (1995) “Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Substitutes from Biomass Tars,” Proceedings Second Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, August 21–24, Portland, OR, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/CP-200–0898, DE95009230, pp. 1141–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Shihadeh, A.; Lewis, P.; Manurung, R.; and Beér, J. (1994) “Combustion Characterization of Wood-Derived Flash Pyrolysis Oils in Industrial-Scale Turbulent Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 281–295.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Huffman, D.R.; Vogiatzis, A.J.; and Clarke, D.A. (1995) “Combustion of Bio-Oil,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 227–235.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gust, S. (1995) “Flash Pyrolysis Fuel-Oil,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 223–226.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ligasacchi, S.; Mosti, A.; and Rossi, C. (1995) “Bio-fuel Oil Combustion in a 0.5 MW Furnace,” Proceedings Second Biomass Conference of the Americas: Energy, Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, August 21–24, Portland, OR, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/CP-200–0898, DE95009230, pp. 1110–1120.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Baxter, L. and Jenkins, B. (1994) “Baseline NOx Emissions During Combustion of Wood-Derived Pyrolysis Oils,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 270–280.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Andrews, R.G. and Patniak, P.C. (1996) “Feasibility of Utilizing a Biomass Derived Fuel for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 236–245.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Solantausta, Y.; Nylund, N.; Oasmaa, A.; Westerholm, M.; and Sipilä, K. (1994) “Preliminary Tests with Wood Derived Pyrolysis Oil as Fuel in a Stationary Diesel Engine,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 355–361.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Oasmaa, A. and Sipilä, K. (1995) “Pyrolysis Oil Properties: Use of Pyrolysis Oil as Fuel in Medium Speed Diesel Engines,” Bio-Oil Production and Utilization. Proceedings of the 2nd EU/Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing, CPL Press, Newbury, U.K., pp. 175–185.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Gros, S. (1995) “Pyrolysis Oil as Diesel Fuel,” Seminar on Power Production from Biomass II, March 27–28, Espoo, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Jay, D.C.; Sipilä, K.H.; Rantanen, O.A.; and Nylund, N-O. (1995) “Wood Pyrolysis Oil for Diesel Engines,” ASME Fall Technical Conference, Milwaukee, WI, September 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Leech, J., (1996) “Third Interim Report on Development of an Internal Combustion Engine for Use with Crude Bio-oil and Evaluation of Associated Processes”, Report to EC, Contract RENA-CT94–0070, June.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Casanova-Kindelan, J. (1996) “Crude Bio-Oils in Small Diesel Engines,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Suppes, G.J.; Natarajan, V.P.; and Chen, Z. (1996) “Autoignition of Select Oxygenate Fuels in a Simulated Diesel Engine Environment,” AIChE National Meeting, February 26, New Orleans, paper 74e.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Diebold, J.P. (1985) The Cracking of Depolymerized Biomass Vapors in a Continuous, Tubular Reactor, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, Thesis T-3007, 236 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Chornet, E.; Czernik, S.; Wang, D.; and Montane, D. (1996) “Catalytic Steam Reforming of Biomass-Derived Fractions from Pyrolysis Processes,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Brocksiepe, H-G. (1986) “Charcoal,” Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th edition, Vol. A6, VCH, pp. 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Reed, T.B.; Diebold, J.P.; and Desrosiers, R. (1980) “Perspectives in Heat Transfer Requirements and Mechanisms for Fast Pyrolysis,” Proceedings Specialists’ Workshop on Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass, Copper Mountain, CO, October 19–22, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI/CP-622–1096.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Shaddix, C.R. and Huey, S. (1996) “Combustion Characteristics of Pyrolysis Oils Derived from Hybrid Poplar,” in these proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Stamm, A. and Harris, E.E. (1953) Chemical Processing of Wood, Chem. Publishing Co., NY, p. 454.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Grégoire, C.E. and Bain, R.L. (1994) “Technoeconomic Analysis of the Production of Biocrude from Wood,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 7, No. 1–6, pp. 275–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Sax, N.I. (1979) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY, p. 895.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gratson, D.A. (1994) “Results of Toxicological Testing of Whole Wood Oils Derived from the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass,” Proceedings of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Properties and Combustion Meeting, Estes Park, CO, September 26–28, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL CP-430–7215, pp. 203–211.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Beckman, D.; Elliott, D.C.; Gevert, B.; Hörneil, G; Kjellstrom, B.; Östman, A.; Solantausta, Y.; and Tulenheimo, V. (1990) Techno-Economic Assessment of Selected Biomass Liquefaction Processes, Technical Research Centre, Espoo, Finland, VTT Research Report 697, pp. 38–63.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Beckman, D. and Graham, R. (1994) “Economic Assessment of a Wood Fast Pyrolysis Plant,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Publishers, London, pp. 1314–1324.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Cottam, M-L. and Bridgwater, A.V. (1994) “Techno-Economics of Pyrolysis Oil Production and Upgrading,” Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, A.V. Bridgwater, ed., Blackie Academic and Professional Publishers, London, pp. 1343–1358.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Tippee, R. and Beck, R.J. (1995) “Politics has a Strong Say in Who Benefits from Oil,” Oil and Gas J., April 3, pp. 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Diebold, J.P., Bridgwater, A.V. (1997). Overview of Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for the Production of Liquid Fuels. In: Bridgwater, A.V., Boocock, D.G.B. (eds) Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7196-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1559-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics