Skip to main content

Morphological structure characterization

  • Chapter
Book cover Ionomers

Abstract

Because a number of different polymers have been modified to create ionomers, one might expect that the resulting morphology would be dependent on the particular ionomer. In fact, similarities between different ionomers far outweigh the differences. Even further, placement of ionic groups along the backbone, whether distributed evenly, randomly, or only at the ends does not seem to alter the basic morphology. This invariance is the result of the strong fundamental driving force for phase separation in ionomers—the Coulombic attraction between the ionic groups. It is generally agreed that these polar groups phase separate into small ion-rich aggregates. Ionic aggregation is responsible for the marked improvement in material properties which are discussed fully in chapters 6 and 7 of this monograph.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agarwal, P.K., Dutta, P.K., and Lundberg, R.D. (1987). Infra-red investigation of sulphonated EPDM polymers. Polymer 28: 1467–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, L.E. (1985). X-ray Diffraction Methods in Polymer Science. Malabar, FL: Krieger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, E., Okamoto, Y., and Ueba, Y. (1980). Synthesis and characterization of rare earth metal-containing polymers. I. Fluorescent properties of ionomers containing Dy3+, Er3+, Eu3+, Sm3+. J. Apply. Polym. Sci. 25: 359–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonse, U. and Hart, M. (1966). Small angle X-ray scattering by spherical particles of polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene. Z. Phys. 189: 151–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, D.I. and Maddams, W.F. (1989). The Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polymers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bragg, W.L. (1933). The Crystalline State. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brozoski, B.A., Coleman, M.M., and Painter, P.C. (1983). Further annealing studies of the calcium salt of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 21: 301–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brozoski, B.A., Coleman, M.M., and Paniter, P.C. (1984a). Local structures in ionomer multiplets. Macromolecules 17: 230–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brozoski, B.A., Coleman, M.M., and Painter, P.C. (1984b). Concerning the origin of broad bands observed in the FTIR spectra of ionomers. Cluster formation or water absorption. Macromolecules 17: 1591–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, B., Wong, J., Li, Y., and Peiffer, D.G. (1992). Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering of a zinc sulfonated polystyrene. Macromolecules 25: 4229–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M.M., Lee, J.Y., and Painter, P.C. (1990). Acid salts and the structure of ionomers. Macromolecules 23: 2339–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, J.P., Decker, D., Benoit, B. et al. (1974). Conformations of Polymer Chains in the Bulk. Macromolecules, 7: 863–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debye, P., Anderson, H.R., and Brumberger, H. (1957). Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its applications. J. Appl. Phys. 28: 679–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, L., MacKnight, W.J., Connolly, J.M., and Chien, J.C.W. (1987). 23Na-NMR of solid state ionomers: lineshape, shift and hydration effects. Polymer Bulletin 17: 459–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.S., Yarusso, D.J., Pan, H.K., and Cooper, S.L. (1984). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure: studies of zinc-neutralized sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. J. Appl. Phys. 56: 2396–2403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.S., Hubbard, S.R., Hodgson, K.O., Register, R.A., and Cooper, S.L. (1988). Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering from a sulfonated polystyrene ionomer. Macromolecules 21: 1698–1703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.S., Register, R.A., Yang, C.Z., and Cooper, S.L. (1989a). Synthesis and characterization of sulphonated polyurethane ionomers based on toluene diisocyanate. Polymer 30: 1204—12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.S., Register, R.A., Yang, C.Z., and Cooper, S.L. (1989b). Effect of cation local structure on the physical properties of sulphonated polyurethane ionomers based on toluene diisocyanate. Polymer 30: 1221–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.S., Register, R.A., Yang, C.Z., and Cooper, S.L. (1989c). Small-angle X-ray scattering from sulphonated polyurethane ionomers based on toluene diisocyanate. Polymer 30: 1213–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, B., Gebel, G., Aldebert, P., Pineri, M., Escoubes, M., and Thomas, M. (1990). J. Phys. France 51: 1341–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Earnest, T.R., Higgins, J.S., and MacKnight, W.J. (1982). Small-angle neutron scattering from polypentenamer sulfonate ionomers. Macromolecules 15: 1390–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Earnest, T.R., Higgins, J.S., Handlin, D.L., and MacKnight, W.J. (1981). Small-angle neutron scattering from sulfonate ionomers. Macromolecules 14: 192–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, A., Hird, B., and Moore, R.B. (1990). A new multiplet-cluster model for the morphology of random ionomers. Macromolecules 23: 4098–4107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, D. and Wilkes, G.L. (1991). Chain extension in unoriented ion-containing polymers—does it occur? Macromolecules 24: 6788–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, D., Wilkes, G.L., Leir, C.M., and Stark, J.E. (1989). Morphological investigation of polytetramethyleneoxide-dibromoxylene segmented ionene polymers by transmission electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. Macromol. Sci. Chem. 26: 1151–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J.J. and Weiss, R.A. (1980). Cation-anion and cation-cation interactions in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. In Coulombic Interactions in Macromolecular Systems (ACS Sym. Ser. 302), ed. A. Eisenberg and F.E. Bailey, pp. 35–53. Washington DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J.J. and Weiss, R.A. (1990). The effects of low molar mass diluents on the micro-structure of ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys. Ed. 28: 1719–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J.J., Kim, D., and Weiss, R.A. (1986). The effect of diluents on the ionic interactions in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Part C: Polym. Lett. 24: 263–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsman, W.C. (1982). Effect of segment-segment association on chain dimensions. Macromolecules 15: 1032–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fournet, G. (1951). Diffusion des rayons X parles fluides. Acta Crystallographica. 4: 293–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimara, M., Hashimoto, T., and Kawai, H. (1982). Small angle X-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 2. Models for ionic scattering maximum. Macromolecules 15: 136–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, A., Stockton, W.B., Koberstein, J.T., Sen, A., Weiss, R.A., and Russell, T.P. (1987). Observation of cluster formation in an ionomer. Macromolecules 20: 3091–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galland, D., Belakhovsky, M., Medrignac, F., Pineri, M., Vlaic, G., and Jérôme, R. (1986). Microstructure of copper(II) α,ω-dicarboxylatopolybutadiene. Polymer 27: 883–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin, J.-P., Williams, C.E., and Eisenberg, A. (1989). Microphase structure of block ionomers. 1. Study of molded styrene-4-vinylpyridinium ABA blocks by SAXS and SANS. Macromolecules 22: 4573–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gouin, J.-P., Eisenberg, A., and Williams, C.E. (1992). Microphase structure of block ionomers. 2. Non-ionic segment conformation in molded styrene-4-vinylpyridinium ABA copolymers. Macromolecules 25: 1368–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, B.P., Matsuoka, H., Ise, N., Nakatani, Y., and Cooper, S.L. (1993). Influence of the sample preparation method on the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering of lightly sulfonated polystyrenes. Macromolecules 26: 4064–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guinier, A. and Fournet, G. (1955). Small Angle X-ray Scattering of X-rays. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handlin, D.L., MacKnight, W.J., and Thomas, E.L. (1981). Critical evaluation of electron microscopy of ionomers. Macromolecules 14: 795–801.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa, E., Yamamoto, Y., Tadano, K., and Yano, S. (1989). Formation of ionic crystallites and its effect on the modulus of ethylene ionomers. Macromolecules 22: 2776–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horrion, J., Jérôme, R., Teyssie, P., Marco, C., and Williams, C.E. (1988). Halato-telechelic polymers. XIII. Viscoelastic properties and morphology of low molecular weight polybutadiene bearing alkali end groups. Polymer 29: 1203–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosemann, R. and Bagchi, S.N. (1962). Direct Analysis of Diffraction of Matter. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, W.Y. and Gierke, T.D. (1983) Ion transport and clustering in Nafion perfluorinated membranes. J. Membrane Sci. 13: 307–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koberstein, J.T. (1982). Small angle neutron scattering from two-phase polymeric systems. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 20: 593–602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S. and Pineri, M. (1986). Interpretation of small angle X-ray and neutron scattering data for perflourosulfonated ionomer membranes. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. 24: 1767–1782.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutsumizu, S., Hashimoto, Y., Yano, S., and Hirasawa, E. (1991). Conductivity anomaly in the zinc(II) complex salts of ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer with l,3-bis(aminomethyl) cyclohexane. Macromolecules 24: 2629–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D., Register, R.A., Yang, C.Z., and Cooper, S.L. (1988). Methylenes-phenyl isocyanate)-based polyurethane ionomers. 1. New small-angle X-ray scattering model. Macromolecules 21: 998–1004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Register, R.A., and Cooper, S.L. (1989). Direct observation of ionic aggregates in sulphonated polystyrene ionomers. Polymer 30: 1227–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X. and Wang, Y. (1991). Phase separation of polyesterpolyurethanes and their zwitterionomers by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. Polymer Communications 32: 426–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacKnight, W.J., McKenna, L.W., Read, B.F., and Stein, R.S. (1968). Properties of ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers and their sodium salts. Infrared studies. J. Phys. Chem. 72: 1172–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKnight, W.J., Taggart, P., and Stein, R.S. (1974a). Model for the structure of ionomers. J. Polym. Sci. 45: 113–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacKnight, W.J., Taggart, P., and McKenna, L. (1974b). Crystallization of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acids and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic) acids and their salts. J. Polym. Sci. 46: 83–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, C.L., Koutsky, J.A., and Cooper, S.L. (1971). Morphology of butadienemethacrylic acid copolymers. Polymer Letters 9: 167–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka, H., Tanaka, H., Hashimoto, T., and Ise, N. (1987). Elastic scattering from cubic lattice systems with paracrystalline distortion. Phys. Rev. B 36: 1754–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuoka, H., Tanaka, H., Iizuka, N., Hashimoto, T., and Ise, N. (1990). Elastic scattering from cubic lattice systems with paracrystalline distortion. II. Phys. Rev. B 41: 3854–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattera, V.D. and Risen, W.M. (1984). A far-infrared study of ionic interactions in poly(styrene sulfonic acid) ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 22: 67–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauritz, K.A. and Rogers, C.E. (1985). A water sorption isotherm model for ionomer membrane with cluster morphologies. Macromolecules 28: 483–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKale, A.G., Veal, B.W., Paulikas, A.P., Chan, S.K., and Knapp, G.S. (1988). Phys. Rev. B20: 664–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meagher, A., Smyth, G., McBrierty, V.J., Coey, J.M.D., and Pineri, M. (1985). The glass transition in an ionomer: interpretation of Môssbauer data. J. Chem. Phys. 83: 2552–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meagher, A., Coey, J.M.D., Belakhovsky, M., Pineri, M., Jérôme, R., Vlaic, G., Williams, C.E., and Dang, N.V. (1986). Microstructure of iron(III) α,ω-dicarboxylatopolybutadiene. Polymer 27. 979–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, C.T. and Pineri, M. (1978). Ion clustering in a butadiene, styrene, 4-vinylpyridine terpolymer crosslinked by coordination with iron(III) chloride. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 16: 569–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R.B., Bittencourt, D., Gauthier, M., Williams, C.E., and Eisenberg, A. (1991). Small- angle X-ray scattering investigations of ionomers with variable-length side chains. Macro-molecules 24: 1376–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neppel, A., Butler, I.S., and Eisenberg, A. (1979a). Raman spectra of styrene-sodium metha-crylate copolymers—evidence of ion clustering. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 17: 2145–150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neppel, A., Butler, I.S., and Eisenberg, A. (1979b). Vibrational spectra of polymers. 2. Variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy as a probe for ion clustering in ionomers. Macromolecules 12: 948–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nierzwicki, W. and Rutkowska, M. (1986). Ionic interactions and microsphase separation in urethane elastomers. Polymer Communications 27: 327–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogura, K. and Sobue, H. (1972). Infrared spectroscopic approaches to polymer transitions. II. The transition of hydrogen bonding in styrene-methacrylic acid (St-MAA) copolymers. Polymer Journal 3: 153–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, Y., Ueba, Y., and Banks, E. (1980). Characterization of ion-containing polymer structures using rare earth metal fluorescent probes. Polymer Preprints (ACS Div. Polym. Chem.) 21(1): 193–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, Y., Ueba, Y., Dzhanibekov, N.F., and Banks, E. (1981). Rare earth metal containing polymers. 3. Characterization of ion-containing polymer structures using rare earth metal fluorescence probes. Macromolecules 14: 17–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otocka, E.P. and Kwei, T.W. (1968). Properties of ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers. Macromolecules 1: 244–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, P.C., Brozoski, B.A., and Coleman, M.M. (1982). FTIR studies of calcium and sodium ionomers derived from an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 20: 1069–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peiffer, D.G., Weiss, R.A. and Lundberg, R.D. (1982). Microphase separation in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. 20: 1503–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peiffer, D.G., Hager, B.L., Weiss, R.A., Agarwal, P.K., and Lundberg, R.D. (1985). Far-infrared studies of microphase separation in sulfonated ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 23: 1869–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perçus, J.K. and Yevick, G.J. (1958). Analysis of classical statistical mechanics by means of collective coordinates. Phys. Rev. 110: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, P.J. (1972). Some electron microscopic investigations of ionomeric materials. Polymer Letters 10: 443–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pineri, M., Meyer, C., Levelut, A.M., and Lambert, M. (1974). Evidence for ionic clusters in butadiene-methacrylic acid copolymers neutralized with various salts. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 12: 115–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porod, G. (1951). Die Rontgenkleinwinkelstreuung von dichtgepackten Kolloiden Systemen. Kolloid Z. 124: 83–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porod, G. (1981). General theory. In Small Angle X-ray Scattering, ed. O. Glatter and O. Kratky, pp. 17–51. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prud’homme, R.E. and Stein, R.S. (1971). Light scattering studies of crystallite organization in ionomers. Macromolecules 4: 668–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayleigh, Lord (1914). On the diffraction of light by spheres of small relative index. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A90: 219–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A., Foucart, M., Jérôme, R., Ding, Y.S., and Cooper, S.L. (1988). Structure-property relationships in elastomeric carboxy-telechelic polyisoprene ionomers neutralized with divalent cations. Macromolecules 21: 1009–15; correction 21: 2652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1990a). Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering from nickel-neutralized ionomers. 1. Amorphous polymer matrices. Macromolecules 23: 310–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1990b). Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering from nickel-neutralized ionomers. 2. Semicrystalline polymer matrices. Macromolecules 23: 318–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A., Yu, X., and Cooper, S.L. (1989a). Effects of matrix polarity and ambient aging on the morphology of sulfonated polyurethane ionomers. Polymer Bulletin 22: 565–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A., Sen, A., Weiss, R.A., and Cooper, S.L. (1989b). Effect of thermal treatment on cation local structure in manganese-neutralized sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. Macro-molecules 22: 2224–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A., Cooper, S.L., Thiygarajan, P., Chakrapani, S., and Jérôme, R. (1990a). Effect of ionic aggregation on ionomer chain dimensions. 1. Telechelic polystyrenes. Macromolecules 23: 2978–2893.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A., Pruckmayr, G., and Cooper, S.L. (1990). Effect of ionic aggregation on ionomer chain dimensions. 2. Sulfonated polyurethanes. Macromolecules 23: 3023–3026.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Register, R.A. (1990e) PhD Thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roche, E.J., Stein, R.S., and MacKnight, W.J. (1980a). Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering studies of the morphology of ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 18: 1035–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, E.J., Stein, Russell, T.P., and MacKnight, W.J. (1980b). Small-angle X-ray scattering of ionomer deformation. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 18: 1497–512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roche, E.J., Pineri, M., Duplessix, R., and Levelut, A.M. (1981). Small angle scattering studies of Nafion membranes. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 19: 1–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodmacq, B., Pineri, M., Coey, J.M.D., and Meagher, A. (1982). Môssbauer spectroscopy of Nafion polymer membranes exchanged with Fe2+, Fe3+, and Eu3+. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 20: 603–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, G.B., Risen, W.M., Tsatsas, A.T., and Eisenberg, A. (1979). Far-infrared studies of ion clustering in ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 17: 81–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, T.P. (1991). Small-angle scattering. In Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation: Volume 3, ed. G.S. Brown and D.E. Moncton, pp. 379–470. Amsterdam: North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A., Weiss, R.A., Oh, J. and Frank, H.A. (1987). ESR and FTIR studies of carboxyl terminated polybutadiene neutralized with copper acetate. Polymer Preprints (ACS Div. Polym. Chem.) 28(2): 220–1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squires, E., Painter, P.C., and Howe, S. (1987). Cluster formation and chain extension in ionomers. Macromolecules 20: 1740–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stohr, J., Johannson, L., Lindau, I. and Pianetta, P. (1979). Phys. Rev. B. 20: 664–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, R.F., George, S.E., and Nelson, M.E. (1991). Star-branched block copolymer ionomers. Synthesis, characterization and properties. Macromolecules 24: 2920–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suchocka-Galas, K. (1989). Microphase separation in ionomers based on styrene-acrylic acid copolymers. Eur. Polymer. J. 25: 1291–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teo, B.K. (1986). EXAFS: Basic Principles and Data Analysis. New York, Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teo, B.K. and Lee, P.A. (1979). Ab initiocalculations of amplitude and phase functions for extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101: 2815–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiele, E. (1963). Equations of state for hard spheres. J. Chem. Phys. 39: 474–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toriumi, H., Weiss, R.A., and Frank, H.A., (1984). Electron spin resonance studies of ionic interactions in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers: manganese(II) salts. Macromolecules 17: 2104–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsunashima, K., Kutsumizu, S., Hirasawa, E., and Yano, S., (1991). Far infrared study on the zinc(II) complex salts of ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer with l,3-bis(aminomethyl) cyclohexane. Macromolecules 24: 5910–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Uitert, L.G. (1960). J. Chem. Phys. 39: 1442–1448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1991a). Comparison of the physical properties of carboxylated and sulfonated model polyurethane ionomers. Macromolecules 24: 2576–2583.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1991b). Analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data for model polyurethane ionomers: evaluation of hard-sphere models. Macromolecules 24: 2584–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1991c). Small-angle neutron scattering analysis of model polyurethane ionomers. Macromolecules 24: 6769–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1992a). Effect of neutralizing cation type on the morphology and properties of model polyurethane ionomers. Polymer 33: 920–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1992b). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic analysis of cation local environment in model polyurethane ionomers. Polymer 33: 930–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1992c). Two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of ionomer deformation and evaluation of models of ionomer morphology. Macromolecules 25: 2230–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A. and Cooper, S.L. (1992d). Small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of ionomer deformation: effect of neutralizing cation. Polymer, 33: 4705–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S.A., Pruckmayr, G., and Cooper, S.L. (1992). Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of the response of model polyurethane ionomers to uniaxial deformation. Polymer 33: 4280–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlaic, G., Williams, C.E., and Jérôme, R. (1987). EXAFS evidence for non-ionic crosslinks in some halato-telechelic polymers. Polymer 28: 1566–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlaic, G., Williams, C.E., Jérôme, R., Tant, M.R., and Wilkes, G.L. (1988). Microstructure of the ionic aggregates in telechelic ionomer. Polymer 29: 173–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L.F., Pearce, E.M., and Kwei, T.K. (1990). J. Polym. Sci: Part C: Polymer Lett. 28: 317–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.A. and Lefelar, J.A. (1986). The influence of thermal history on the small-angle X-ray scattering of sulphonated polystyrene ionomers. Polymer 27: 3–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.A., Lefelar, J., and H. Toriumi, (1963). The influence of thermal history on the microstructure of sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Lett. Ed. 21: 661–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.A., Fitzgerald, J.J., and Kim, D. (1991a). Viscoelastic behavior of plasticized sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. Macromolecules 24: 1064–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.A., Sen, A., Pottick, L.A., and Willis, C.L. (1991b). Block copolymer ionomers: 2. Viscoelastic and mechanical properties of sulphonated poly(styrene-ethylene/butylenestyrene). Polymer 32: 2785–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim, M.S. (1963). Exact solution of the Percus-Yevick integral equation for hard spheres. Phys. Rev. Lett. 10: 321–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertz, J. and Bolton, J. (1972). Electron Spin Resonance—Elementary Theory and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C.E., Russell, T.P., Jérôme, R., and Horrion, J. (1986). Ionic aggregation in model ionomers. Macromolecules 19: 2877–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C.E., Colliex, C., Horrion, J., and Jérôme, R. (1989). Scanning transmission electron microscopy to observe ionic domains in model ionomers. In Multiphase Polymers: Blends and Ionomers (ACS Sym. Ser. 395), ed. L.A. Utracki and R.A. Weiss, pp. 439–443. Washington DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D.Q., Phillips, J.C., Lundberg, R.D., MacKnight, W.J., and Chu, B. (1989). Long-range inhomogeneities in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers. Macromolecules 22: 992–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, J. and Yano, S. (1978). Electron spin resonance studies of styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers neutralized with copper acetate. Macromol. Chem. 179: 2799–2802.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi, J. and Yano S. (1982). ESR studies of structure in ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers neutralized with manganese(II) acetate. Macromolecules 15: 210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano, S., Yamamoto, H., Tadano, K., Yamamoto, Y., and Hirasawa, E. (1987). Dielectric properties of complex salts of Zn(II) salts of ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer with 1,3-bisaminomethylcyclohexane. Polymer 28: 1965–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarusso, D.J. and Cooper, S.L. (1983). Microstructure of ionomers: interpretation of small-angle X-ray scattering data. Macromolecules 16: 1871–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarusso, D.J., Ding, Y.S., Pan, H.K., and Cooper, S.L. (1984). EXAFS analysis of the structure of ionomer microdomains. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed. 22: 2073–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y., Bazuin, C.G., and Prud’homme, R.E. (1989). Infrared dichroic study of orientation using ionomers. Macromolecules 22: 3788–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y., Prud’homme, R.E., and Bazuin, C.G. (1991). Infrared dichroism study of orientation and relaxation in miscible polymer blends containing a small amount of poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide). Macromolecules 24: 1261–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grady, B.P., Cooper, S.L. (1997). Morphological structure characterization. In: Tant, M.R., Mauritz, K.A., Wilkes, G.L. (eds) Ionomers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1461-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1461-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7153-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1461-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics