Abstract
Phyla other than the Arthropoda are well represented in this habitat, but it is not intended in this chapter to detail the methods for the study of the microfauna of inland waters; these are described in works such as Welch (1948) and Edmondson & Winberg (1971); whilst sampling aspects are reviewed by Elliott (1971) and Elliott & Décamps (1973). In contrast to terrestrial habitats, major difficulties in making absolute estimates lie in actually taking a sample of a known unit, as well as in the separation of the animals from the media. The problems of extraction are similar to those in terrestrial habitats and reference should therefore be made to Chapters 4 and 5.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ACKEFORS, H., 1971. A quantitative plankton sampler. Oikos 22, 114–8.
ALBRECHT, M.-L., 1959. Die quantitative Untersuchung der Bodenfauna fliessender Gewässer (Untersuchungsmethoden und Arbeitsergebnisse). Z. Fisch. (N.F.) 8, 481–550.
ALLAN, I. R. H 1952. A hand-operated quantitative grab for sampling river beds. J. Anim. Ecol. 21, 159–60.
BATES, M., 1941. Field tudies of the anopheline mosquitoes of Albania. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 43, 37–58.
BENFIELD, E. F., HENDRICKS, A. C. and CAIRNS, J., 1974. Proficiencies of two artificial substrates in collecting stream macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia 45, 431–40.
BRUT, N. W., 1955. New methods of collecting bottom fauna from shoals or rubble bottoms of lakes and streams. Ecology 36, 524–5.
BROWN, S. R., 1956. A piston sampler for surface sediments of lake deposits. Ecology 37, 611–13.
CALOW, P., 1972. A method for determining the surface area of stones to enable quantitative density estimates of littoral stone dwelling organisms to be made. Hydrobiologia 40, 37–50.
CHRISTIE, M, 1954. A method for the numerical study of larval populations of Anophelesgambiae and other pool-breeding mosquitoes. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool 48, 271–6.
CLARKE, G. L. and BUMPUS, D F, 1940. The Plankton sampleran instrument for quantitative plankton investigations. Limnol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Publ. 5, 1–8.
CROSET, H., PAPIEROK, B, RIOUX, J. A., GABINAUD, A., COUSSERANS, J. and ARNAUD, D., 1976. Absolute estimates of larval populations of culicid mosquitoes: comparison of capture-recapture removal and dipping methods. Ecological Entomology 1, 251–6.
CROSSMAN, J. S. and CAIRNS, J., 1974. A comparative study between two different artificial substrate samplers and regular sampling techniques. Hydrobiologia 44, 517–22.
CUMMINS, K. W., 1962. An evaluation of some techniques for the collection and analysis of benthic samples with special emphasis on lotie waters. Am. Midi Nat. 67, 477–503.
DENDY, J. S., 1944. The fate of animals in streamdrift when carried into lakes. Ecol. Monogr. 14, 333–57.
DISNEY, R. H. L., 1972. Observations on sampling pre-imaginal populations of blackflies (Dipt., Simuliidae) in West Cameroon. Bull. ent. Res. 61, 485–503.
DUMAS, F, 1962. Deep water archaeology, London.
DUNN, D. R, 1961. The bottom fauna of Llyn Tegid (Lake Bala), Merionethshire. J. anim. Ecol. 31, 2670–81.
ECKBLAD, J. W., 1973. Population studies of three aquatic gastropods in an intermittent backwater. Hydrobiologia 41, 199–219.
EDMONDSON, W. T., and WINBERG, G. G (eds:) 1971. A manual on methods for the assessment of secondary productivity in freshwaters. I.B.P. Handbook 17. 358 pp., Blackwells, Oxford and London.
EKMAN, S., 1911. Die Bodenfauna des Vättern, qualitativ und quantitativ untersucht. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 7, 146–204.
ELGMORK, K, 1962. A bottom sampler for soft mud. Hydrobiologia 20, 167–72.
ELLIOTT, J. M., 1971. Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates. Sci. Publ. Freshw. Biol. Assoc. 25, 148 pp.
ELLIOTT, J. M. and DÉCAMPS, H, 1973. Guide pour l’analyse statistique des échantillons d’invertébrés benthiques. Annls. limnol. 9, 79–120.
FLANNAGAN, J. F., 1970. Efficiencies of various grabs and corers in sampling freshwater benthos. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27, 1691–1700.
FORD, J. B., 1962. The vertical distribution of larvae Chironomidae (Dipt.) in the mud of a stream. Hydrobiologia 19, 262–72.
FROST, S., 1971. Evaluation of a technique for sorting and counting stream invertebrates. Can. J. Zool. 49, 878–83.
FROST, S., HUNI, A. and KERSHAW, W. E., 1971. Evaluation of a kicking technique for sampling stream bottom fauna. Can. J. Zool. 49, 167–73.
FUJITA, H., 1956. The collection efficiency of a plankton net. Res. Popul. Ecol. 3, 8–15.
GERKING, S. D., 1957. A method of sampling the littoral macrofauna and its application. Ecology, 38, 219–26.
GLIME, J. M. and CLEMONS, R. M., 1972. Species diversity of stream insects on Fontinalis spp. compared to diversity on artificial substrates. Ecology 53, 458–64.
GOODWIN, M. H. and EYLES, D. E., 1942. Measurements of larval populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Say Ecology 23, 376.
GOULDER, R., 1971. Vertical distribution of some ciliated protozoa in two freshwater sediments. Oikos 22, 199–203.
GRIFFITH, R. E., 1957. A portable apparatus for collecting horizontal plankton samples. Ecology 38, 538–40.
GULLIKSEN, B., and DERAS, K. M., 1975. A diveroperated suction sampler for fauna on rocky bottoms. Oikos 26, 246–9.
HAMILTON, A. L., BURTON, W and FLANNAGAN, J. F., 1970. A multiple corer for sampling profundal benthos. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27, 1867–9.
HESS, A. D., 1941. New limnological sampling equipment. Limnol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Publ. 6, 1–15.
HIGER, A. L. and KOLIPINSKI, M. C., 1967. Pull-up trap: a quantitative device for sampling shallow-water animals. Ecology 48, 1008–9.
HOLOPAINEN, I. J. and SARVALA, J., 1975. Efficiencies of two corers in sampling soft-bottom invertebrates. Ann. Zoo. Fenn 12, 280–4.
HUCKLEY, P., 1975. An apparatus for subdividing benthos samples. Oikos 26, 92–6.
HYNES, H.B.N., 1971. Benthos of flowing water. In Edmondson, W. I. & Winberg, G. G. (eds.). l.B.P. Handbook 17, 66–80. Blackwells, Oxford and London.
JAMES, H. G. and NICHOLLS, C. F., 1961. A sampling cage for aquatic insects. Can. Ent. 93, 1053–5.
JENKIN, B. M. and MORTIMER, C. H., 1938. Sampling lake deposits. Nature 142, 834.
KAJAK, Z, 1963. Analysis of quantitative benthic methods. Ekologia Polska A 11, 1–56.
KAJAK, Z, 1971. Benthos of standing water. In Edmondson, W. T. & Winberg, G. G. (ed.) I.B.P. Handbook 17, 25–65. Blackwells, Oxford and London.
KAJAK, Z., DUSOGE, K. and PREJS, A., 1968. Application of the flotation technique to assessment of absolute numbers of benthos. Ekologia Polska 16, 607–20.
KARLSSON, M., BOHLIN, T. and STENSON, J., 1976. Core sampling and flotation: two methods to reduce costs of a chironomid population study. Oikos 27, 336–8.
KROGER, R. L, 1972. Underestimation of standing crop by the Surber sampler. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17, 475–8.
KROGER, R. L., 1974. Invertebrate drift in the Snake River, Wyoming. Hydrobiologia 44, 369–80.
LISITSYN, A. P. and UDINTSEV, G. B., 1955. New model dredges. [In Russian.] Trudy vses. gidrobiol Obsch. 6, 217–22.
LIVINGSTON, D. A., 1955. A lightweight piston sampler for lake deposits. Ecology 36, 137–9.
LONGHURST, A. R., 1959. The sampling problem in benthic ecology. Proc. ft. Z. ecol. Soc. 6, 8–12.
MACAN, T. T., 1958. Methods of sampling the bottom fauna in stony streams. Mitt. int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol. 8, 1–21.
MACKEY, A. P., 1972. An air-lift for sampling freshwater benthos. Oikos 23, 413–5.
MCCAULEY, V. J. E., 1975. Two new quantitative samplers for aquatic phytomac-rofauna. Hydrobiologia 47, 81–9.
MASON, W. T., WEBER, C. I., LEWIS, P. A. and JULIAN, E. C., 1973. Factors affecting the performance of basket and multiplate macro-invertebrate samplers. Freshwater Biol, 3, 409–36.
MILBRINK, G., 1971. A simplified tube bottom sampler. Oikos 22, 260–3.
MILBRINK, G. and WIEDERHOLM, T., 1973. Sampling efficiency of four types of mud bottom sampler. Oikos 24, 479–82.
MOON, H. P., 1935. Methods and apparatus suitable for an investigation of the littoral region of Oligotrophic Lakes, Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 32, 319–3.
MORTIMER, C. H., 1942. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and water in lakes. Ill and IV. J. Ecol. 30, 147–201.
MUNDIE, J. H., 1956. A bottom sampler for inclined rock surfaces in lakes. J. Anim. Ecol 25, 429–32.
NEEDHAM, P. R. and USINGER, R. L., 1956. Variability in macrofauna of a single riffle in Prosser creek, California, as indicated by the Surber sampler. Hilgardia 24(14), 383–409.
NEGUS, C. L., 1966. A quantitative study of growth and production of unionid mussels in the River Thames at Reading. J. Anim. Ecol. 35, 513–32.
NEILL, R. M, 1938. The food and feeding of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to the organic environment. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 59, 481–520.
PEARSON, R. G., LITTERICK, M. R. and JONES, N V, 1973. An air-lift for quantitative sampling of the benthos. Freshwater Biol. 3, 309–15.
PETERSEN, C. G. J., 1911. Valuation of the sea. I Rep. Dan. biol. Stn 20, 1–76.
REISH, D. J., 1959. Modification of the Hayward orange peel bucket for bottom sampling. Ecology 40, 502–3.
RICKER, W. E., 1938. On adequate quantitative sampling of the pelagic net plankton of a lake. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 4, 19–32.
ROWLEY, J. R and DAHL, A, 1956. Modifications in design and use of the Livingstone piston sampler. Ecology 37, 849–51.
SCOTT, D., 1958. Ecological studies on the Trichoptera of the River Dean, Cheshire. Arch. Hydrobiol. 54, 340–92.
SCOTT, D and RUSHFORTH, J M., 1959. Cover on river bottoms. Nature 183, 836–7.
SHAPIRO, J, 1958. The core-freezer-a new sampler for lake sediments. Ecology 39, 758.
SMITH, W. and MCINTYRE, A. D., 1954. A spring-loaded bottom-sampler. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 33, 257–64.
SURBER, E W., 1936. Rainbow trout and bottom fauna production in one mile of stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 66, 193–202.
TONOLLI, V., 1971. Methods of collection. Zooplankton. In Edmondson. W.T. & Winberg, G. G. (eds.) I.B.P. Handbook 17, 1–20. Blackwells, Oxford and London.
ULFSTRAND, S., 1968. Benthic animal communities in Lapland streams. Oikos (suppl.) 10, 1–120.
USINGER, R. L. and NEEDHAM, P. R., 1954. A plan for the biological phases of the periodic stream sampling program (Mimeographed) Final Rep. to Calif. St. Wat. Pollution Cont. Bd. 59 pp.
USINGER, R. L. and NEEDHAM, P R, 1956. A drag-type riffle-bottom sampler. Progve Fish. Cult. 18, 42–44.
VALLENTYNE, J. R, 1955. A modification of the Livingstone piston sampler for lake deposits. Ecology 36, 139–41.
WATERS, T. F. and KNAPP, R. J., 1961. An improved stream bottom fauna sampler. Trans. Am. Fish. Soe. 90, 225–6.
WELCH, H. E. and JAMES, H G., 1960. The Belleville trap for quantitative samples of mosquito larvae. Mosquito News 20, 23–6.
WELCH, P. S., 1948. Limnological methods. 381 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
WENE, G and WICKLIFF, E L., 1940. ‘Basket’methodofbottomsampling. Can. Ent. 72, 131–5.
WICKSTEAD, J., 1953. A new apparatus for the collection ofbottom plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 32, 347–55.
WIGLEY, R L, 1967. Comparative efficiencies of van Veen & Smith-Mclntyre grab samplers as revealed by motion pictures. Ecology 48, 168–9.
WILDING, J. L., 1940. A new square-foot aquatic sampler. Limnol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 4, 1–4.
WILLIAMS, T. R. and OBENG, L., 1962. A comparison of two methods of estimating changes in Simulium larval populations, with a description of a new method. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool 56, 359–61.
WOLCOTT, R. H., 1901. A modification of the Birge collecting net. Joppl. Microsc. Lab. Meth. 4(8), 1407–9.
WOLFE, L. S. and PETERSON, D. G., 1958. A new method to estimate levels of infestations of black-fly larvae (Diptera: Simulidae) Can. J. Zool. 36, 863–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 T. R. E. Southwood
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Southwood, T.R.E. (1978). Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat — Freshwater Habitats. In: Ecological Methods. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1225-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1225-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-30710-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1225-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive