Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Structure and Dynamics of Branched (Epoxy) Polymers and Kinetics of Its Polymerization Process

  • Chapter
Reactive and Flexible Molecules in Liquids

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 291))

  • 93 Accesses

Abstract

Laser light scattering (LLS) and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) studies have been made of the curing of epoxy resins from 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether with cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride. The epoxy resin before its gelation threshold is soluble in methyl ethyl ketone, and scattering techniques can be used to determine the weight-average molecular weight (Mw), the fractal dimension (df), and the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the branched epoxy polymer during each stage of the initial polymerization process. The MWDs obtained from LLS were compared with those determined by conventional size exclusion chromatography (SEC). From the comparison, we were able to develop a new absolute calibration procedure for SEC of specific branched polymers. By investigating the LLS envelope of the three-dimensional crosslinking process near and pass the gelation threshold and by applying the Debye-Bueche theory of light scattering for inhomogeneous solids, the structural changes of the branched epoxy polymer during the curing process could be evaluated. The change in the correlation length (a) and the mean squared average of local dielectric constant fluctuations (η −2) could be divided into four main stages. Finally, The branching kinetics of the copolymerization reaction could be approximated by using Smoluchowski’s coagulation equation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. See for example, Antoon, M. K. and Koenig, J. L., J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 1981, 19, 549, and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  2. D. A. Weitz and M. Y. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1986, 57, 2037.

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. C. Ball, D. A. Weitz, T. A. Witten and F. Leyvraz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1987, 58, 274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. P. G. J. van Dongen and M. H. Ernst, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 1985, 18, 2779.

    Google Scholar 

  5. P. G. J. van Dongen and M. H. Ernst, Phys. Rev. Lett, 1985, 54, 1396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Kolb, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1984, 53, 1653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. R. Botet and R. Jullien, J. Phys. A, 1984, 17, 2517.

    Google Scholar 

  8. F. Leyvraz, Phys. Rev. A, 1984, 29, 854.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. M. H. Ernst, E. M. Hendriks and R. M. Ziff, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 1982, 15, L743.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. H. Ernst, E. M. Hendriks and R. M. Ziff, Phys. Lett., 1982, 92A, 267

    Google Scholar 

  11. R. M. Ziff and G. Stell, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 3492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mandelbrot, B.B. “Fractals, Form, Chance and Dimension,” Freeman, San Francisco, 1977; “The Fractal Geometry of Nature,” Freeman, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Stanley, H.; Reynolds, P.; Redner, S.; Family, F. in Real Space Renormalization; Burkhardt, T.W.; van Leeuwen, J.M.J., Eds.; Springer: New York, 1982, Chap. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Schaefer, D.W.; Martin, J.E.; Wiltzius, P.; Cannell, D.S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984, 52, 2371.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Martin, J.E.; Schaefer, D.W. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984, 53, 2457.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wiltzius, P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1987, 58, 710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Schaefer, D.W.; Keefer, K.D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984, 53, 1383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chambon, F.; Winter, H.H. Polym. Bull. (Berlin) 1985, 13, 499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Muthukumar, M.; Winter, H.H. Macromolecules 1986, 19, 1284.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Feder, J.; Jossang, T. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984, 53, 1403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Weitz, D.A.; Huang, J.S.; Lin, M.Y.; Sung, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 54, 416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Witten, T.A.; Sander, L.M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1981 47, 1400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Meakin, P. Phys. Rev. Lett.A 1983, 27, 604, 1495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kaufman, J.H.; Baker, C.K.; Nazzal, A.I.; Flickner, M.; Melroy, O.R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1986, 56, 1932.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Family, F. in Random Walks and Their Applications in the Physics and Biophysical Sciences - 1982; Schlesinger, M.F., West, B.J., Eds.; AIP Conference Proceedings No. 109; Amer. Inst. Phys.: New York, 1984, p.33.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Meakin, P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1983, 51, 1119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kolb, M.; Botet, R.; Jullien, J. Phys Rev. Lett. 1983, 51, 1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hentschel, H.G.E.; Deutch, J.M. Phys. Rev. Lett.A 1984, 29, 1609.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Debye, P. and Bueche, A. M., J. Appl. Phys., 1949, 20, 518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. May, C. A. and Tanaka Y. Epoxy Resins Chemistry and Technology; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1973; p 683.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Chu, B. and Wu, C., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chu, B., Wu, C., Wu, D.-Q. and Phillips, J. C., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 2642.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kratky, O. and Oelschlaeger, H. J. Coll. & Interface Sci. 1969, 31, 490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sander, L.M. Nature, 1986, 322, 789; Scientific American 1986, 256, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Meakin, P. “Fractal Aggregates and Thin Fractal Measures,” to be published. See references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Stanley, H.E. J. Phys. 1977, A10, L211.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cotton, J.P. J. Physique Lett. 1980, 41, 231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Daoud, M.; Family, F.; Jannink, G. J. Phys. Lett. 1984, 45, 199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schosseler, F.; Leibler, L. Macromolecules 1985, 18, 399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Leibler, L.; Schosseler, F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 55, 1110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Martin, J.E.; Ackerson, B.J. Phys. Rev. A, 1985, 31, 1180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Bouchard, E.; Delsanti, M.; Adam, M.; Daoud, M.; Durand, D. J. Physique, 1986, 47, 1273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Mandelbrot, B.B. in “Fractals in Physics, ” Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of ICTP, L. Pietronero and E. Tosatti, eds., North Holland, Amsterdam, 1986, p. 3,17 and 21.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Daoud, M.; Joanny, J.F. J. Physique 1981, 42, 1359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Huber, K.; Burchard, W.; Fetters, L.J. Macromolecules 1984, 17, 541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. See “Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Photon Correlation Techniques in Fluid Mechanics,” Springer Series in Optical Sciences (Ed. E.O. Schulz-DuBois) Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chu, B., Ford, J. R. and Dhadwal, H.S., in “Methods of Enzymology”, (Eds. S.P. Colowick and N.O. Kaplan) Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Florida, Vol. 117, 1985, pp. 256–297.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chu, B., Ying, Q.-C., Wu, C., Ford, J. R. and Dhadwal, H. S. Polymer, 1985, 26, 1408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wu, C. Buck, W. and Chu, B., Macromolecules, 1987, 20, 98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chu, B., Wu, C. and Buck, W., Macromolecules, 1989, 22 (No. 2) 831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Grubisic, Z., Rempp, P. and Benoit, H., J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 1967, 5, 753–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Moore, J. C. and Hendrickson, J. G., J. Polym. Sci., Part C, 1965, 8, 233–241.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Mori, S., J. Chromatogr., 1978, 157, 75–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mori, S., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1974, 18, 2391–2397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Loy, B. R., J. Polym. Sci. Polym, Chem. Ed., 1976, 14, 23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Vrijbergen, R. R., Soeteman, A. A. and Smit, J. A. M., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1978, 22, 1267–1276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. McCrackin, F. L., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1977, 21, 191–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Mahabadi, H. K. and O’Driscoll, K. F., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1977, 21, 1283–1287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Weiss, A. R. and Cohn-Ginsberg, E. J. Polym. Sci., Part B, 1969, 7, 379–381.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Mori, S., Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1813–1818.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chi Wu, Ju Zuo, and Ben Chu, Macromolecules, 1989, 22 (No.2), 633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Burchard, W., Schmidt, M. and Stockmayer, W. H., Macromolecules, 1980, 13, 1265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kajiwara, K. and Burchard, W., Polymer, 1981, 22, 1621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gordon, M., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1962, 268, 240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Flory, J., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 1941, 1096, 3083, 3091.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Stockmayer, W. H., J. Chem. Phys., 12, 1944, 125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. de Gennes, P. G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics, (Cornell Univ. Press, N.Y., 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Stauffer, D., Coniglio, and Adam, M. Adv. Polym. Sci„ 1982, 44, 103.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ernst, M. H., Ziff, R. M. and Hendriks, E. M., J. Coll. Interface Sci., 1984, 97, 266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Herrmann, H., Landau, D. P. and Stauffer, D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1983, 49, 412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Stauffer, D., Phys. Rep., 1979, 54, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Leibler, L. and Schosseler, F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1985, 55, 1110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fischer, R. F., J. Polym. Sci., 1960, 44, 155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Smoluchowski, M. V., Phyzik. Z., 1916, 17, 585; Z. Phys. Chem., 1918, 92, 129.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Golovin, A. M., Bull. Akad. Sci, SSSR Geophy. Ser., (English Transi.), 1963, 482.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Scott, W. T., J. Atmos. Sci., 1968, 25, 54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Scott, W.T., Analytic studies of cloud droplet coalescence, I. Tech. Rept., No. 9, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, 1965, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lu, B., J. of Statistical Physics, 1987, 49, Nos. 3/4, 669

    Google Scholar 

  79. Dusek, K., Lunak, S., Matejke, L., Polymer Bulletin, 1982, 7, 145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Chu, B. and Wu, C., Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 1729.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wu C., Zuo, J. and Chu, B., Macromolecules, 1989, 22 (No. 2), 838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wu C., Chu, B. and Stell, G., submitted to J. of Chem. Phys. for publication.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island, New York, 11794-3400, USA

    Benjamin Chu & Chi Wu

Authors
  1. Benjamin Chu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chi Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

    Th. Dorfmüller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chu, B., Wu, C. (1989). Structure and Dynamics of Branched (Epoxy) Polymers and Kinetics of Its Polymerization Process. In: Dorfmüller, T. (eds) Reactive and Flexible Molecules in Liquids. NATO ASI Series, vol 291. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1043-0_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1043-0_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6961-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1043-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation