Skip to main content

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 314))

  • 176 Accesses

Abstract

The Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are Zn2+-containing enzymes that occur ubiquitously in Nature. They have been extensively studied with respect to their ability to hydrate CO2 and dehydrate HCO3 . The first part of the following discussion will focus on the recent studies with the enzyme that have in total, led to the formulation of a detailed mechanism of action, namely, the “zinc hydroxide” mechanism. The second part of the discussion deals with the simpler chemical models that mimic the spectroscopic properties of cobalt CA, and others which mimic the catalytic properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References and Notes

  1. Lindskog, S. Adv. Inorg. Biochem. 1982, 4, 115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lindskog, S.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Jonsson, B.-H.; Simonsson, J. in “The Coordination Chemistry of Metalloenzymes”, Bertini, I.; Drago, R.S.; Luchinat, C., Eds., D. Reidel Co., Dordrecht: Holland, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Silverman, D.N.; Vincent, S.H. CRC Grit. Rev. Biochem. 1983, 14, 207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. “Biophysics and Physiology of Carbon Dioxide”, Bauer, C.; Gros, G.; Bartels, H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin: Heidelberg, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Carter, M.; Jeffrey, S. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1985, 13, 531.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. “Zinc Enzymes”, Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Maret, W.; Zeppezauer, M., Eds., Birkhauser: Boston, 1986, chapters 22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Silverman, D.N.; Lindskog, S. Accts. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lindskog, S. in “Zinc Enzymes”, Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Maret, W.; Zeppezauer, M., Eds., Birkhauser: Boston, 1986, 306.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Liljas, A.; Kannan, K.K.; Bergsten, P.-C.; Waara, I.; Fridborg, K.; Strandberg, B.; Carlbom, U.; Jarup, L.; Lövgren, S.; Petef, M. Nature New Biol. 1972, 235, 131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kannan, K.K.; Petef, M.; Cid-Dresdner, H.; Lövgren, S. FEBS Lett. 1977, 73, 115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Notstrand, B.; Vaara, I.; Kannan, K.K. in “The Isozymes”, Vol. 1, Markert, C.I., Ed., Academic Press: New York, 1975, 575.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kannan, K.K.; Notstrand, B.; Fridborg, K.; Lövgren, S.; Ohlssen, A.; Petef, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975, 72, 51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kannan, K.K. in “Biophysics and Physiology of Carbon Dioxide”, Bauer, C.; Gros, G.; Bartels, H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin: Heidelberg, 1980, 84.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ericksson, E.A.; Jones, T.A.; Liljas, A. in “Zinc Enzymes”, Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Maret, W.; Zeppezauer, M., Eds., Birkhauser: Boston, 1986, 317.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kannan, K.K.; Ramanadham, M.; Jones, T.A. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1984, 429, 49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tu, C.K.; Sanyal, G.; Wynns, G.C.; Silverman, D.N. J. Biol. Chem. 1983, 258, 8807.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kararli, T.; Silverman, D.N. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260, 3484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tashian, R.E.; Hewett-Emmett, D.; Stroup, S.K.; Goodman, M.; Yu, S.L. in “Biophysics and Physiology of Carbon Dioxide”, Bauer, C.; Gros, G.; Bartels, H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin: Heidelberg, 1980, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pocker, Y.; Meany, J.E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 1809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. idem. J. Phys. Chem. 1970, 74, 1486.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pocker, Y.; Meany, J.E.; Davis, B.C. Biochemistry 1974, 13, 1411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tashian, R.E.; Plato, C.C.; Shows, T.B. Science (Washington) 1963, 140, 53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pocker, Y.; Bjorkquist, L.C.; Bjorkquist, D.W. Biochemistry 177 1977, 16, 3967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Malmstrom, B.G.; Nyman, P.O.; Strandberg, B.; Tilander, B. in “Structure and Activity of Enzymes”, FEBS Symp. 1964, No. 1, 121.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lo, K.W.; Kaiser, E.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 4912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Knowles, J.R.; Albery, W.J. Accts. Chem. Res. 1977, 10, 105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lindskog, S.; Malmstrom, B.G. J. Biol. Chem. 1962, 237, 1129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hunt, J.B.; Rhee, M.-J.; Storm, C.B. Anal. Biochem. 1977, 79, 614.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lindskog, S. J. Biol. Chem. 1963, 238, 945.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lindskog, S.; Nyman, P.O. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1964, 85, 462.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Luchinat, C.; Monnanni, R. in “Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon: Biochemical and Chemical Uses”, Aresta, M.; Forti, G., Eds., D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1987, 139.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bertini, I.; Canti, G.; Luchinat, C.; Scozzafava, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4873.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Scozzafava, A. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1980, 46, 85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Jacob, G.S.; Brown, R.D.; Koenig, S.H. Biochemistry 1980, 19, 3574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C. Accts. Chem. Res. 1983, 16, 272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Simonsson, I.; Lindskog, S. Eur. J. Biochem. 1982, 123, 29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Scozzafava, A. Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 1982, 48, 45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Engberg, P.; Lindskog, S. FEBS Lett. 1984, 170, 326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bertini, I.; Dei, A.; Luchinat, C.; Monnanni, R. Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bertini, I.; Borghi, E.; Canti, G.; Luchinat, C. J. Inorg. Biochem. 1983, 18, 221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Led, J.J.; Neesgaard, E.; Johansen, J.T. FEBS Lett. 1982, 147, 74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams, T.; Henkins, R.W. Biochemistry 1985, 24, 2459.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stein, P.J.; Merrill, S.P.; Henkins, R.W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 3194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Led, J.J.; Neesgaard, E. Biochemistry 1987, 26, 183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kalifah, R.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1973, 70, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lindskog, S.; Coleman, J.E. ibid. 1973, 70, 2025.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Prince, R.H.; Wooley, P.R. Bioorg. Chem. 1973, 2, 337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Jonsson, B.H.; Steiner, H.; Lindskog, S. FEBS Lett. 1976, 64, 310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Silverman, D.N.; Tu, C.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 2263.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Eigen, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1964, 3, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Rowlett, R.S.; Silverman, D.N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 6737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Pocker, Y.; Jamjic, N.; Miao, C.H. in “Zinc Enzymes”, Bertini, I.; Luchinat, C.; Maret, W.; Zeppezauer, M., Eds., Birkhauser: Boston, 1986, 341.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Steiner, H.; Jonsson, B.H.; Lindskog, S. Eur. J. Biochem. 1975, 59, 253 (human CAII).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pocker, Y.; Bjorkquist, D.W. Biochemistry 1977, 16 5698 (bovine CAII).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Venkatasubban, K.S.; Silverman, D.N. Biochemistry 1980, 19, 4984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sirs, J.A. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1957, 54, 201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Pocker, Y.; Bjorkquist, D.W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 6537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pocker, Y.; Stein, J.E. quoted in ref. 21.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kresge, A.J.; Preto, R.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. For a process involving specific acid catalysis such asactionation factors see

    Google Scholar 

  61. Venkatasubban, K.S.; Schowen, R.L. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 1984, 17, 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Alvarez, J.; Schowen, R.L. in “Isotopes in Organic Chemistry”, Buncel, E.; Lee, C.C., Eds., Elsevier: Amsterdam, Vol. 7, 1987, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kresge, J.; More O’Ferrall, R.A.; Powell, M.F. ibid. 1987, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Paneth, P.; O’Leary, M.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7381.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Marlier, J.F.; O’Leary, M.H. ibid. 1984, 106, 5054.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Paneth, P.; O’Leary, M.H. Biochemistry 1987, 26, 1728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Paneth, P.; O’Leary, M.H. ibid. 1985, 24, 5143.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Simonsson, F.; Jonsson, B.—H.; Lindskog, S. Eur. J. Biochem. 1979, 93, 409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Silverman, D.N.; Tu, C.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 2263.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Tu, C.K.; Silverman, D.N. ibid. 1975, 97, 5935.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Silverman, D.N.; Tu, C.K.; Lindskog, S.; Wynns, G.C. ibid. 1979, 101, 6734.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kararli, T.; Silverman, D.N. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1984, 429, 129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Silverman, D.N.; Tu, C.K. Biochemistry 1986, 25, 8402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hassinoff, B.B. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1984, 233 676 has shown that in the presence of a glycerol visogen, the activity of CA is reduced which suggests that diffusional processes contribute, at least in part, to determining the rate. This is contrary to the conclusions reached from the Carbon KIE [26a] studies which employed sucrose (0.5 M HEPES, pH 8.2, 25°C). However, the Hassinoff study employed buffers consisting of 1–2 mM phosphate (pH 7.70, 6.64 for CO2 hydration and HCO3 dehydration respectively) which is lower than the [buffer] required to ensure that deprotonation of the enzyme is not rate limiting [17,18]. Thus, it seems likely that the results of the Hassinoff experiment was attributable to a viscosity dependence on the *E-Zn0H + B: + EZn0H + B-H+ as in section 3a. Similar viscosity effects on CO7 hydration and HCO3 dehydration (at 20 mM buffer) were observed by Pocker et al and attributed to the kcat term [17b].

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ghannam, A.F.; Tsen, W.; Rowlett, R.S. J. Biol. Chem. 1986, 261, 1164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kogut, K.A.; Rowlett, R.S. ibid. 1987, 262, 16417.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Lindskog, S. J. Mol. Catal. 1984, 23, 357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rowlett, R.S. J. Prot. Chem. 1984, 3, 369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Brown, R.S.; Huguet, J.; Curtis, N.J. in “Metal Ions in Biological Systems”, Sigel, H., Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, Vol. 15, 1983, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Brown, R.S. in “Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon”, Aresta, M.; Forti, G., Eds., D. Reidel: Dordrecht, NATO ASI Series C, 1987, 169.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lindskog, S. Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 1970, 8, 153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bertini, I.; Canti, G.; Luchinat, C.; Mani, F. Inorg. Chem. Acta 1980, 46, L91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Benelli, C.; Bertini, I.; DiVaira, M.; Mani, F. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Huguet, J.; Brown, R.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 7571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Brown, R.S.; Curtis, N.J.; Huguet, J. ibid. 1981, 103, 6953.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Curtis, N.J.; Brown, R.S. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 4038.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Read, R.J.; James, M.N.G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 6947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Brown, R.S.; Salmon, D.; Curtis, N.J.; Kusuma, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 3188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Jacob, G.S.; Brown, R.D.; Koenig, S.H. Biochemistry 1980, 19, 3754.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Martin, R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1974, 71, 4146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Sillen, L.G.; Martell, A.E. in “Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes”, Chem. Society Special Publications #17, 1964 and supplement No. 1, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Wooley, P. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin II 1977, 318.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wooley, P. Nature (London) 1975, 258, 677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Groves, J.T.; Olson, J.R. Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 2715.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Coates, J.H.; Gentle, G.J.; Lincoln, S.F. Nature (London) 1974, 249, 773.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Martin, R.B. J. Inorg. Nuc1. Chem. 1976, 38, 511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tabushi, I.; Kuroda, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 4580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Breslow, E. in “The Biochemistry of Copper”, Peisach, J.; Aisen, D.; Blumberg, W.E., Eds., Academic Press: New York, 1966, 149.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Tabushi, I.; Kuroda, Y.; Mochizuki, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 1152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Slebocka-Tilk, H.; Cocho, J.L.; Frakman, Z.; Brown, R.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 2421.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pullman, A. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1981, 367 340 and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Cook, C.M.; Allen, L.C. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1984, 429 84 and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Allen, L.C. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1981, 367, 383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Liang, J.-Y.; Lipscomb, W.N. Biochemistry 1987, 26, 5293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Pinsent, B.R.W.; Pearson, L.; Roughton, F.J.W. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1956, 52, 1512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Jônsson, B.; Karlstrrim, G.; Wennerstrtim, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 1658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Cook, C.M.; Haycock, K.; Lee, R.H.; Allen, L.C. J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 4875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Pocker, Y.; Deits, T.L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 2424.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Pocker, Y.; Davison, B.L.; Deits, T.L. ibid. 1978, 100, 3564.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Pocker, Y.; Deits, T.L.. ibid. 1981, 103, 3949; 1983, 105, 980.

    Google Scholar 

  111. idem. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1983, 429, 76.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lindskog, S.; Engberg, P.; Forsman, C.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Jonsson, B.-H.; Simonsson, I.; Tibell, L. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1984, 429, 61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brown, R.S. (1990). Carbonic Anhydrases: The Mechanistic, Spectroscopic, and Model Studies. In: Aresta, M., Schloss, J.V. (eds) Enzymatic and Model Carboxylation and Reduction Reactions for Carbon Dioxide Utilization. NATO ASI Series, vol 314. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0663-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0663-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6783-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0663-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics