Abstract
By providing data of higher spatial resolution and, in some cases, of higher absolute accuracy, satellite infrared scanning radiometers complement those detecting microwave radiation. Infrared measurements are, however, much more susceptible to contamination by the presence of cloud. In this paper the physical principles of the emission of infrared radiation from the sea-surface and its transfer through the atmosphere are presented. There follows descriptions of two satellite radiometers: the operational AVHRR and experimental ATSR/M. The method of retrieving quantitative measurements of SST is given and applications of infrared radiometer data are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bernstein, R.L. and Morris, J.H. Tropical and mid-latitude North Pacific sea surface temperature variability from the Seasat SMMR. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 1983: 1877–1891.
Campbell, S. Vicarious calibration of METEOSAT’s infrared sensors. ESA, 6, 1982: 151–162.
Castagne, N., Le Borgne, P., Le Vourch, J., and OLRY, J.P. Operational measurement of sea surface temperatures at CMS Lannion from NOAA-7 AVHRR data. In: Cracknell, A.P. and Hayes, L. eds. ‘Remote Sensing Yearbook’. London, Taylor and Francis, 1987: 117–153.
Chedin, A., Scott, N.A., and Berrior, A. A single-channel, double-viewing angle method for sea surface temperature determination from METEOSAT and TIROS-N radiometric measurements. J. Appl Meteorol., 21, 1982: 613–618.
Cheney, R.E. and Marsh, J.G. Seasat altimeter observations of dynamic topography in the Gulf Stream region. J. Geophys. Res.. 86, 1981: 473–483.
Coakley, J.A. and Bretherton.F.P. Cloud cover from high resolution scanner data: Detecting and allowing for partially filled fields of view. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1982: 4917–4932.
Crosby, D.S. and Glasser, K.S. Radiance estimates from truncated observations. J. Appl. Meteorol, 17, 1978: 1712–1715.
Dismachek, D.C., Booth A.L. and Leese, J.A. National Environmental Satellite Service catalog of products. NOAA Memo NESS 109. Washington, D.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980: 120pp.
Friedman, D. Infrared characteristics of ocean water (1.5–15µ). Appl. Opt., 8, 1969: 2073–2078.
GAUTIER, C., FROUIN, F. and SYMONOT, J.-Y. An attempt to remotely sense from space the surface heat budget over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 Monsoon. Submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988.
Holyer, R.J. A two-satellite method for measurement of sea surface temperature. Int. J. Remote Sens., 5, 1982: 115–131.
Hoskins, B.J. and Karoly, D.K. The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci, 38, 1981: 1179–1196.
ITT. AVHRR/1-FM Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Final Engineering Report. (NASA-CR-160059). Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA. ITT Aerospace/Optical Division, 1979: 311pp.
Kondratyev, K. Ya. Radiation in the Atmosphere. New York, NY, USA, Academic Press, 1969: pp. 161–171.
Lauritson, L., Nelson, G.J. and Porto, F.W. Data extraction and calibration of TIROS-N/NOAA radiometers, NOAA Memo NESS 107. Washington, D.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1979.
Legeckis, R. Long waves in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean: a view from geostationary satellite. Science, 197, 1977: 1179–1181.
Liljas, E. Multispectral classification of cloud, fog and haze. In: Vaughan, R.A. ed. ‘Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology’. Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1987: 301–319.
Llewellyn Jones, D.T., Precise SST data from satellites. Proc. Conf. on ‘The use of satellite data in climate models’ 10–12 June, Alpbach, Austria. ESA SP-244. 1985: 139–142.
Llewellyn Jones, D.T., Minnett, P.J., Saunders, R.W. and Zavody, A.M. Satellite multichannel infrared measurements of sea-surface temperature of the N.E. Atlantic Ocean using AVHRR/2. Q. J. R. MeteoroL Soc., 110, 1984: 613–631.
McClain, E.P., Pichel, W.G. and Walton, C.C. Comparative performance of AVHRR- based multichannel sea-surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 1985: 11587–11601.
McMillin, L.M. and Crosby, D.S. Theory and validation of the multiple window sea surface temperature technique. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 1984: 3655–3661.
McMillin, L.M. and Crosby, D.S. Some physical interpretations of statistically derived coefficients for split-window corrections to satellite derived sea surface temperatures. Q. J. R. MeteoroL Soc., 111, 1985: 867–871.
Menzel, W.P, Smith, W.L., and Herman, L.D. Visible and infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder radiometric calibration: an inflight evaluation from inter- comparisons with HIRS and radiosonde measurements. Appl. Opt., 20, 1981: 3641–3644.
Minnett, P.J. A numerical study of the effects of anomalous North Atlantic atmospheric conditions on the infrared measurement of sea-surface temperature from space. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1986: 8509–8521.
Minnett, P.J. The numerical simulation of infrared satellite measurements over the Greenland-Iceland-Norwgian Sea. Report SR-137. La Spezia, Italy, SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, 1988.
Minnett, P.J., Zavody, A.M. and Llewellyn-JONES, D.T. Satellite measurement of sea-surface temperature for climate research. In: Gautier, C. and Fieux, M. eds. ‘Large-scale oceanographic experiments and satellites’. Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1984: 57–85.
Muirhead, K. and Eccles, D. The Along Track Scanning Radiometer with Microwave Sounder. In: Vaughan, R.A. ed. Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology. Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1987: 411–423.
Phulpin, T., Derrien, M. and Brard, A. A two-dimensional histogram procedure to analyse cloud cover from NOAA satellite high-resolution imagery. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol 22, 1983: 1332–1345.
Reynolds, R. Studies of synoptic and mesoscale atmospheric features from satellites. In: Vaughan, R.A. ed. ‘Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology’. Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1987: 217–243.
Robinson, A.R. Data assimilation, mesoscale dynamics and dynamical forecasting. In: O’brien, J.J. ed. ‘Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modelling’, Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel. 1986: 465–483.
Robinson, I.S. Satellite Oceanography. Chichester, UK, Ellis Horwood. 1985: 455pp.
Robinson, I.S., Wells, N.C. and Charnock, H. The sea surface thermal boundary layer and its relevance to the measurement of sea surface temperature by airborne and spaceborne radiometers. Int. J. Remote Sens., 5, 1984: 19–46.
Saunders, P.M. Aerial measurements of sea-surface temperatures in the infrared. J. Geophys. Res., 72, 1967: 4109–4117.
Saunders, R.W. An automated scheme for the removal of cloud contamination from AVHRR radiances over western Europe. Int. J. Remote Sens., 7, 1986: 867–886.
Saunders, R.W. and Kriebel K.T. An improved method for detecting clear sky and cloudy radiances from AVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9, 1988a: 123–150.
Saunders, R.W. and Kriebel K.T. Correction to “An improved method for detecting clear sky and cloudy radiances from AVHRR data”. Int. J. Remote Sens., 9, 1988b: In the Press.
Schanda, E. Physical fundamentals of remote sensing. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1986: 187pp.
Schluessel, P., Shin, H. Y., Emery, W.J. and Grassl, H. Comparison of satellite- derived sea-surface temperature with in-situ skin measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1987: 2859–2874.
Schwalb, A. The TIROS-N/NOAA A-G satellite series. NOAA Memo NESS 95. Washington, D.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1978: 80pp.
Scorer, R.S. Cloud formations seen by satellite. In: Vaughan, R.A. ed. ‘Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology’.Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1987: 1–18.
Scorer, R.S. Sunny Greenland Q. J. R. Meteorol Soc.,114, 1988: 3–29.
Smith, W.L. The retrieval of atmospheric profiles from VAS geostationary radiance observations. J. Atmos. Sci, 40,1983: 2025–2035.
Smith, W.L., Woolf, H.M., Hayden, C.M., Waek, D., and McMillin, L.M. The TIROS-N operational vertical sounder. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 60, 1979: 1177–1187.
Stewart, R.H. Methods of satellite Oceanography. Berkeley, USA, University of California Press, 1985: 360pp.
Strong, A.E. and McClain, E.P. Improved ocean surface temperatures from space- comparisons with drifting buoys. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1984: 138–142.
Takayama, Y., Takashima, T., Matsuura, K. and Naito, K. Simultaneous measurements of sea surface temperature s GMS-1 and GMS-2. Adv. Space Res., 2, 1983: 165–172.
Vaughan, R.A. ed. Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology. Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1987: 480pp.
Warnecke, G., Zick, C., Carus, B., Doring, R., Eriksson, A., and Voellger, C., Information extraction from meteorological satellite image sequences. In: Vaughan, R.A. ed. ‘Remote Sensing Applications in Meteorology and Climatology’. Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel, 1987: 259–283.
Zavody, A.M. Appendix J of ‘The Along Track Scanning Radiometer with Microwave Sounder - ATSR/M’. Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK. Proposal to ESA by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory et al. 1982.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Minnett, P.J. (1990). Satellite Infrared Scanning Radiometers — AVHRR and ATSR/M. In: Vaughan, R.A. (eds) Microwave Remote Sensing for Oceanographic and Marine Weather-Forecast Models. NATO ASI Series, vol 298. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0509-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0509-2_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6715-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0509-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive