Skip to main content

The photodegradation of synthetic colorants

  • Chapter
Physico-Chemical Principles of Color Chemistry

Part of the book series: Advances in Color Chemistry Series ((ACCS,volume 4))

  • 384 Accesses

Abstract

The action of light on dyes, whether in solution or on textile materials, involves a complex series of processes. Although it is over 100 years since Bancroft1 reported that the light-induced fading of dyes proceeds by oxidation at times and by reduction at other times, the photodegradation of synthetic dyes continues to be a commercially important problem and the subject of much research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E. Bancroft, Experimental Researches Concerning the Philosophy of Permanent Colours, Cadell and Davies, Eds., 2nd ed., London (1813).

    Google Scholar 

  2. C. H. Giles and R. B. McKay, Text. Res. J., 33, 527 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. G. S. Egerton and A. G. Morgan, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 86, 242 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. N. A. Evans and I. W. Stapleton, The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Vol. 8, K. Venkataraman ed., p. 221, Academic Press, (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  5. G. S. Egerton and A. G. Morgan, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 86 79 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. G. S. Egerton and A. G. Morgan, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 87 223 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. G. S. Egerton and A. G. Morgan, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 87 268 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. C. S. Egerton, Br. Polym. J., 3, 63 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Meir, in The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Vol. IV, K. Venkataraman, ed., Chapter 7, Academic Press, New York (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. Griffiths, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 1, 481 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C. H. Giles, D. G. Duff and R. S. Sinclair, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 12, 58 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. R. S. Sinclair, Photochem. Photobiol., 31, 627 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. N. S. Allen, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 17, 61 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. N. S. Allen and J. F. McKellar, eds., Photochemistry of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers, Elsevier Applied Science, London (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  15. C. H. Giles and S. D. Forrester, Photochemistry of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers, N. S. Allen and J. F. McKellar, eds., Chapter 2, p. 51, Elsevier Applied Science, London (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  16. P. Bentley, J. F. McKellar and G. O. Phillips, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 5, 33 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Miligan, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 16, 1 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Matsuura, Organic Photochemistry, p. 23, Kagakudojin, Kyoto (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  19. H. H. Jaffe and M. Orchin, Theory and Applications of Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  20. C. A. Parker, in Advances in Photochemistry, Vol. II, W. A. Noyes Jr., G. S. Hammond and J. N. Pitts Jr., eds., Interscience, New York (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  21. M. Koizumi, S. Kato, N. Mataga, T. Matsuura and Y. Usui, Photosensitized Reactions, p. 7, Kagakudojin, Kyoto (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  22. H. Nakata, Organic Photochemistry, p. 11, Maruzen, Tokyo (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  23. G. S. Egerton and A. G. Morgan, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 86, 79 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. H. C. A. van Beek and P. M. Heetjes, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 79, 661 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  25. H. C. A. van Beek and P. M. Heetjes, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 1704 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J. G. Neevel, H. C. A. van Beek and B. van de Graaf., J. Soc. Dvers Colour., 107, 110 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. J. G. Neevel, H. C. A. van Beek and B. van de Graaf, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 108, 150 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. G. Neevel, M. Peereboom and B. van de Graaf. J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 109, 116 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Y. Okada, M. Hirose, T. Kato, H. Motomura and Z. Morita, Dyes Pigm., 14, 265 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Okada, E. Satoh, H. Motomura and Z. Morita, Dyes Pigm., 19, 1 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Okada, T. Kato, H. Motomura and Z. Morita, Seni Gakkaishi, 46, 346 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Y. M. A. Naguib, S. G. Cohen and C. Steel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 128 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. H. Kautsky, H. de Brujn, H. Neuwirth and W. Baumeister, Chem. Ber. 66, 1588 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  34. H. Kautsky, Trans. Faraday Soc., 35, 216 (1939).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. Usui and M. Koizumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 40, 440 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Usui, K. Itoh and M. Koizumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 38, 1015 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. G. S. Egerton, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 65, 764 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. G. S. Egerton, E. Attle, F. Guirguis and M. A. Rathor, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 79, 49 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 258 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. F. Weiner and H. H. Seliger, Photochem. Photobiol., 4, 1207 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. V. Kasche and L. Lindqvist, Photochem. Photobiol., 4, 923 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. C. Balny and P. Darzon, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 56, 386 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. H. Kautsky, Biochem. Z., 291, 271 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. Kautsky and A. Hirsch, Chem. Ber., 65B, 401 (1932).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. C. S. Foot and S. Wexler. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 389 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  46. C. S. Foot and S. Wexler. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 3880 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. C. S. Foot, Acc. Chem. Res., 1, 104 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. E. J. Gorey and W. C. Talor, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 3881 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. C. S. Foot, S. Wexler and W. Ando. Tetrahedron Lett.,4111 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  50. C. S. Foot, S. Wexler, W. Ando and R. Higgins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 975 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. E. J. Corey and W. C. Taylor, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 3881 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. A. U. Khan and M. Kasha, J. Chem. Phys., 39, 2105 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. G. O. Schenck and E. Koch, Z. Elektrochem., 64,170 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. H. H. Wasserman and J. R. Scheffer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 3073 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. P. B. Merkel, R. Nilsson and D. R. Kearns, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94,1030 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. R. W. Denny and A. Nickon, Organic Reactions, Vol. 20, p. 133, John Wiley, New York (1973), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  57. K. Kawaoka, A. U. Khan and D. R. Kearns, J. Chem. Phys., 46 1842 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. D. R. Kearns, Singlet Oxygen, H. H. Wasserman, ed., p. 115, Academic Press, New York (1979), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  59. E. Wasserman, R. M. Murray, M. L. Kaplan and W. A. Yager, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 4160 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. M. Kasha and D. E. Brabham, Singlet Oxygen, H. H. Wasserman, ed., p. 24, Academic Press, New York (1979), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  61. G. Herzberg, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, 2nd ed., p. 560, D. van Nostrand, Princeton, New York (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  62. A. M. Winer and K. D. Bayes, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 302 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. K. Kear and E. W. Abrahamson, J. Photochem.,3, 409 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  64. R. P. Wayne, Adv. Photochem.,7, 311 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. K. Gollnick and G. O. Schenck, Pure Appl. Chem., 9, 507 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. C. S. Foote, Y. C. Chang and R. W. Denny, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 5216, 5218 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. P. B. Merkel and D. R. Kearns, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94,1029 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. D. R. Adams and F. Wilkinson, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., I, 586 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  69. C. A. Long and D. R. Kearns, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 2018 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. T. Kajiwara and D. R. Kearns, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95, 5886 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. K. McLaren, Can. Text. J., 16, 41 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  72. K. McLaren, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 78, 34 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. T. Hirashima, O. Manabe and H. Hiyama, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 70,1533 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. British Standard 1006 (1978), British Standards Institution (London).

    Google Scholar 

  75. L. M. Lock and G. C. Frank, Text. Res. J., 43, 502 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. M. J. Wall and G. C. Frank, Text. Res. J., 41, 32 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. Park, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 95, 304 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  78. L. A. Holt and P. J. Waters, Proc. Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf., Tokyo, IV, 1 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Japanes Standard JIS-L0843 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  80. S. V. Vaeck, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94, 301 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  81. K. McLaren, J. Soc. Dyers Colour.,12, 527 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  82. F. Gasser and H. Zukriegel, Melliand Textilber, 33, 44 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  83. C. H. Giles and R. B. Mckay, Text. Res. J., 33, 527 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. A. H. Little and J. W. Clayton, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 19, 671 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  85. T. Toda and M. Hida, Sen’i Gakkaishi, 46, 155 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. K. Nakatsuka, H. Hattori and S. Ikeo, Senryo to Yakuhin, 33, 255 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. C. H. Giles, C. D. Shah, W. E. Watts and R. S. Sinclair, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 88, 433 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. M. Kamel, R. M. Issa, M. F. Abdel-Wahab, S. Shakra and A. M. Osman, Textilveredlung, 6, 226 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  89. A. Arcoria and G. Parisi, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 100,13 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. A. Arcoria, M. L. Long and G. Parisi, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 100, 339 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. J. Griffiths and C. Hawkins, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., (1972) 463.

    Google Scholar 

  92. J. Griffiths and C. Hawkins, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin II, (1977) 747.

    Google Scholar 

  93. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 95, 257 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, Senryo to Yakuhin, 24, 91 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 96, 529 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. H. Gruen, H. Steffen and Schulte-Frohlinda, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 91, 430 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  97. P. B. Merkel and W. F. Smith Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 83 2834 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. R. Haessner, H. Mustroph and J. Epperlein, J. Prakt. Chem., 325, 943 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. I. M. Byteva, O. L. Golomb, G. P. Gurinovich and V. V. Karpov, Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 36, 770 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. J. Griffiths and C. Hawkins, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 89, 173 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. A. Zweig and W. A. Henderson, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 13, 717 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. M. W. RemBold and H. E. A. Kramer, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94,12 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. M. W. RemBold and H. E. A. Kramer, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 96, 122 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. G. Schwen and G. Schmidt, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 75,101 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. C. H. Giles and R. H. Haslam, Text. Res. J., 47, 348 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  106. F. M. Tera, L. A. Aldon, M. N. Michael and A. Hebeish, Polym. Photochem., 6, 373 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  107. P. G. Wang and I. J. Wang, Text. Res. J., 61, 162 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Y. Honma, N. Choji and M. Karasawa, Sen’i Gakkaishi, 42, T514 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. T. H. Morton, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 65, 597 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. C. H. Giles, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 73, 127 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. G. Baxter, C. H. Giles, M. K. McKee and N. Macaulay, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 71, 218 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. M. Hayashi, J. Chem. Soc. Jpn, Ind. Eng. Sect., 63, 118 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. C. H. Giles, A. Yabe and C. D. Shah. Text. Res. J., 38, 467 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. G. Irick and J. G. Pacific, Tetrahedron Lett., 2207 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  115. A. Albini, E. Fasani and S. Pietra, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin II, 1021 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  116. N. S. Allen, B. Harwood and J. F. McKellar, J. Photochem., 10, 187 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. N. S. Allen, J. M. Mckellar and B. M. Moghaddam, J. Photochem., 10, 193 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. I. Y. Chang and I. K. Miller, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 102, 46 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. C. H. Giles and R. S. Sinclair, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 88. 109 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  120. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 379 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  121. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin II, 1569 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  122. N. Kuramoto andT. Kitao, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 30, 129 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, Dyes Pigm.,2, 133 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 98, 159 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, Dyes Pigm., 3, 49 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 98, 334 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. H. Mustroph, J. Potocnak and N. Grossmann, J. Prakt. Chem., 326, 979 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. H. Mustroph and C. Weiss, J. Prakt. Chem., 328, 937 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. N. S. Allen, Rev. Plast. Mod., 55, 221 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. T. Kitao, Kagaku Kogyo, 31, 1035 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. S. Ohokawara, Y. Kuroki and T. Kitao, Chemistry of Kinousei-Shikiso, CMC Publ. Co. Ltd., p. 65, Osaka (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  132. T. Kitao, Sensyoku Kogyo, 24, 501 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. C. D. Shah and R. Srivastava, J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol., 27, 429 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. N. G. Makhviladze, V. I. Pergushov, V. S. Gurman and G. E. Krichevskii, Zh. Prikl. Khim, 5, 1331 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  135. J. N. Pitts Jr., E. A. Schuck and J. K. S. Wan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 296 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. C. A. Parker, J. Phys. Chem., 63, 26 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. H. S. Freeman and J. Sokolowska-Gajda, Text. Res. 7, 60, 221 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. J. Griffiths and C. Hawkins, J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol., 27, 558 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, Rep. Osaka Pref. Ind. Res. Inst., 80, 9 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  140. N. Kuramoto and M. Wakae, Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyoukaishi, 32, 118 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. N. V. Koval’chuk, A. V. Anisimov, O. A. Tambieva and V. V. Titov, Zh. Org. Khim., 22, 1944(1986).

    Google Scholar 

  142. A. Albini, E. Fasani, S. Pietra and A. Sulpizio, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans II, 1689 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  143. P. Ball and C. H. Nicholls, Dyes Pigm., 5, 437 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. H. G. O. Becker and J. Franze, J. Prakt. Chem., 323, 171 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  145. C. Muller, Am. Dyest. Rep., 59, 37 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  146. T. Kitao, Y. Watada, M. Matsuoka, and K. Konishi, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 757 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  147. T. Urbanski, Hydrogen Bonding, D. Hadzi, ed., Pergamon Press, London p. 145 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  148. A. Whitaker, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94, 431 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. G. M. Wyman, Chem. Rev., 55, 625 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. P. Jacques, Dyes Pigm., 5, 351 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. H. Yamamoto and A. Nishida, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 2338 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  152. F. K. Sutcliffe, H. M. Shahidi and D. Patterson, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94, 306 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. E. Dubini-Paglia, P. L. Beltrame, B. Marcandalli and P. Carniti, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 31,1251 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. P. L. Beltrame, E. Dubini-Paglia and B. Marcandalli, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 33, 2965 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. P. L. Beltrame, E. Dubini-Paglia and B. Marcandalli, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 38, 755 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. E. Dubini-Paglia, P. L. Beltrame, A. Seves and G. Prati, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 105, 107 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. H. Inoue, T. D. Tuong, H. Hida and T. Murata, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1347 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  158. C. V. Stead, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 6,1 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. C. H. Giles, B. T. Hojiwala and C. D. Shah, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 88, 403 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. D. G. Lishan, P. W. Harris, K. Brahim and R. L. Jackson, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 104, 33 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. G. Irick and J. G. Pacifici, Tetrahedron Lett, 1303 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  162. A. Albini and E. Fasani and S. Pietra, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, 1393 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  163. N. S. Allen, B. Harword and J. F. McKellar, J. Photochem., 9, 559 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. G. Irick and E. G. Boyd, Text. Res. J., 43, 238 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. A. K. Davies, G. A. Gee, J. F. McKellar and G. O. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, 1742 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  166. N. S. Allen, J. P. Binkley, B. J. Parsons and G. O. Phillips, Dyes Pigm.,4,1 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  167. G. A. Horsfall, Text. Res. J., 52,197 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. B. V. Rao, V. Choudhary and I. K. Varma, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 106, 388 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. A. K. Davies, R. Ford, G. A. Gee, J. F. McKellar and G. O. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., (1972) 873.

    Google Scholar 

  170. A. K. Davis, G. A. Gee, J. F. McKellar and G. O. Phillips, Chem. Ind., 431 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  171. J. Griffiths and C. Hawkins, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 89,173 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. B. Garston, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 96, 535 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. A. T. Peters and N. O. Soboyejo, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 105, 79 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. A. T. Peters and N. O. Soboyejo, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 105, 315 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. A. T. Peters and Y. C. Chao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 104, 435 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. G. E. Egerton and N. E. N. Assaad, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 83, 85 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. G. E. Egerton, J. M. Gleadle and A. G. Roach, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 82, 369 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. K. Yamada, H. Shosenji, S. Fukunaga and K. Hirahara, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 49, 3701 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. N. K. Bridge, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 76, 484 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. E. McAlpine and R. S. Sinclair, Text. Res. J., 41, 283 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  181. D. Wegerle, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 89, 54 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. N. S. Allen, K. O. Fatinikum, A. K. Davies, B. J. Parsons and G. O. Phillips, Dyes Pigm., 2, 219 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. C. Couper, Text. Res. J., 21, 720 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. V. S. Salvin and P. Walker, Text. Res. J., 30, 381 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. C. H. Giles and R. S. Sinclair, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 88,109 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. N. S. Allen and B. Harwood, Polym. Deg. Stab., 4, 319 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. N. S. Allen, P. Bentley and J. F. McKellar, J. Photochem., 5, 225 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. N. S. Allen, J. F. McKellar and B. M. Moghaddam, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 29,119 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. N. S. Allen, J. F. McKellar, B. M. Moghaddam and G. O. Phillips, J. Photochem., 11, 101 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. N. S. Allen, J. F. McKellar and S. Protopappas, J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol. >27, 269 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. N. S. Allen, J. F. McKellar and D. Wilson, Makromol. Chem., 179, 269 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. N. S. Allen, J. F. McKellar, B. M. Moghaddam and G. O. Phillips, Chem. Ind., (London) (1979) 593.

    Google Scholar 

  193. A. Zweig, W. A. Henderson, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 13, 993 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. J. P. Gullory and C. F. Cook, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 11,1927 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. A. J. Paint, F. M. Winnik and V. Bocking, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 36,1205 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. P. Bentley, J. F. McKellar and G. O. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, 523 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  197. P. Bentley, J. F. McKellar and G. O. Phillips, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, 1259 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  198. N. Kuramoto, Rep. Osaka Pref. Ind. Res. Inst., 91, 22 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  199. G. Oster, J. Polym. Sei., B2, 891 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  200. McVie, R. S. Sinclair, Truscott, Photochem. Photobiol, 29, 395 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. P. C. Henriquer, Ree. Trav. Chim.,52, 998 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  202. C. M. Desai and B. K. Vaidya, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 31, 261 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  203. K. Iwamoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 10, 420 (1935).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. J. J. Porter and S. B. Spears, Text. Chem. Color., 2,191 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. G. Oster and J. B. Bellin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 294 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. N. S. Allen, J. F. McKellar, B. Mohajerani, Dyes Pigm., 1, 49 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. N. S. Allen, B. Mohajerani and J. T. Richards, Dyes Pigm., 2, 31 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. R. Nakamura and H. Hida, Sen’i Kagakushi, 39, T125, T360 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  209. R. Bangerb, W. Aichelele, E. Schollmeyer, B. Weiman and H. Herlinger, Melliand Textilber, 58, 399 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  210. Y. M. A. Naguib, S. G. Cohen and C. Steel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 128 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. S. G. Cohen, A. W. Rose, P. G. Stone and A. Ehret, Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 1827 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. C. M. Desai and B. K. Vaidya, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 31, 265 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. S. G. Cohen and A. D. Litt, Tetrahedron Lett., 837 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  214. H. Shosenji, K. Gotoh, C. Watanabe and K. Yamada, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 99, 98 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. K. Yamada, H. Shosenji and K. Gotoh, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94, 219 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  216. S. Tazuke and R. Takasaki, J. Polym. Sei. Polym. Chem. Ed., 21,1529 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. E. Hibbert, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 43, 204 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  218. R. Haller, O. Hackl and M. Frankfurt, Melliand Textilber., 9, 415 (1928).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. F. Scholefield, E. Hibbert and C. F. Patel, Soc. Dyers Colour., 44, 236 (1928).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Yamada, Konakahara and Iida, J. Fac. Eng. Chiba Univ., 21, 157 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  221. I. B. C. Matheson and J. Lee, Photochem. Photobiol., 29, 879 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. A. D. Kirch and G. M. Wyman, J. Phys. Chem., 81, 413 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. G. M. Wyman and B. M. Zarnegar, J. Phys. Chem., 77, 831 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. C. R. Giuliano, L. D. Hess and J. M. Margerun, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 587 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. G. Haucker and R. Paetzold, J. Prakt. Chem., 321, 978 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  226. C. P. Klages, K. Kobs and R. Memming, Chem. Phys. Lett., 90, 46 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Y. Maeda, T. Okada, N. Mataga and M. Irie, J. Phys. Chem., 88, 1117 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. G. Engi, Z. Angew. Chem., 21, 146 (1914).

    Google Scholar 

  229. J.-i. Setsune, H. Wakemoto, K. Matsukawa, S. Ishihara, R. Yamamoto and T. Kitao, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1022 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  230. J.-i. Setsune, H. Wakemoto, T. Matsueda, T. Matsuura, H. Tajima, S. Ishihara, R. Yamamoto and T. Kitao, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, 2305 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  231. J.-i. Setsune, T. Fujiwara, K. Murakami, Y. Mizuta and T. Kitao, Chem. Lett., 1393 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  232. H. Görner and D. S. Frohlinde, J. Mol. Struct., 84, 227 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. H. Görner, J. Pouliquen and J. Kossanyi, Can. J. Chem., 65, 708 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. K. Fukunishi and M. Nomura, Senryo to Yakuhin, 32, 283 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  235. B. K. Manukian and A. Mangini, Chimia, 24, 328 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. H. Oda, M. Matsuoka and T. Kitao, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1513 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  237. T. Kitao, Y. Watada, M. Matsuoka and K. Konishi, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 939 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  238. H. Oda, K. Shimada, M. Matsuoka and T. Kitao, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1186 (1977); 1191 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  239. N. Kuramoto, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 103, 318 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. K. Priyadarsini, J. T. Kunjiappu and P. N. Moorthy, Indian J. Chem., 26A, 899 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. T. Moriya, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 60, 4462, 3855 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. O. V. Zin’kovskaya, N. A. Kuznetsova and O. L. Kaliya, Zh. Prikl. Spectrosk., 41, 626 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  243. G. Jones and W. R. Bergmark, J. Photochem.,26, 179 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. B. Milligan and L. A. Holt. Aust J. Chem., 27, 195 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. H. Theidel, Melliand Textilber., 45, 514 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. M. Komaki and A. Yabe, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 859 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  247. G. Montaudo, Gazz. Chim. Ital, 94,127 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. H. Ikuno, M. Honda, M. Komaki and A. Yabe, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1603 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  249. R. Anliker, G. Miiler, Fluorescent Whitening Agents, George Thieme Publisher, Stuttgurt (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  250. K. Yagami, K. Yamada and H. Shosenji, Sen’i Gakkaishi, 38, T254 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Yashida and Yamashita, Yuki Gosei Kagaku, 36, 406 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  252. A. Mustafa, Chem. Rev., 51,1 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. M. Matsuo and T. Sakaguch, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1994 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  254. G. Rio and J. Berthelot, Bull Soc. Chem. Fr., 3609 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  255. H. Oda, N. Kuramoto and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 91, 462 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  256. H. Oda and T. Kitao, Sen’i Gakkaishi, 42, T102 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  257. K. Suganuma, A. Yabe and M. Hida, Sen’i Gakkaishi, 35, T388 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. K. Yamada and H. Shosenji, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 93, 219 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. K. Yamada, H. Shosenji, Y. Nakano, M. Uemura, S. Uto and M. Fukushima, Dyes Pigm., 2,21 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. H. Shosenji, K. Gotoh, C. Watanabe and K. Yamada, Soc. Dyers Colour., 99, 98 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. R. P. Hurd and B. M. Reagan, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 106, 49 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. R. S. Davidson, G. M. Ismail and D. M. Lewis, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 103, 261 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. R. S. Davidson, D. King, D. M. Lewis and S. K. R. Jones, J. Soc. Dyers Colour, 101, 291 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. E. Varga, L. Kozma, E. Farkas and M. Molnar, Acta, Phys. Chem., 24, 371 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. V. V. Ryl’kov and Sh. Z. Krymiski, Khim. Vip. Energ., 12, 237 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  266. V. E. Korobov and A. K. Chibisov, J. Photochem.,9, 411 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. V. E. Korobov, V. V. Shulin and A. K. Chibisov, Chem. Phys. Lett., 45, 498 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. N. A. Evans and P. J. Waters, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94, 252 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. N. A. Evans, D. E. Rivett and P. J. Waters, Text. Res. J., 46, 214 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. N. A. Evans, in Photochemistry of Dyed and Pigmented Polymers, Applied Science Publisher, London, (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  271. N. Grossmann, V. Wehner, A. Weise, B. Winnig and E. Fanghaenel, J. Prakt. Chem., 330, 204 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. A. S. Tatikolov, E. A. Shipina, V. I. Sklyarenko, M. A. Al’perovich and V. A. Kuz’min, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 11, 2637 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  273. P. Douglas, S. M. Townsend and R. Ratcliffe, J. Imaging Sci., 35, 211 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. N. Grossmann, B. Winnig, A. Weise, E. Fanghanel, J. Prakt. Chem., 329, 767 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. T. Miwa, A. Mouri and Y. Asahi, Nippon Shashin Gakkaishi, 50, 128 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. T. Miwa, T. Oshimi and Y. Asahi, Nippon Shashin Gakkaishi, 52, 532 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. T. Miwa, T. Oshimi, T. Nakabayashi and Y. Asahi, Nippon Shashin Gakkaishi, 52, 304 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. R. S. Asquith and P. S. Ingham, J. Soc. Dyers Color., 89, 81 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. D. Fiebig and S. A. Metwally, Melliand Textilber., 56, 637 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. F. Scholefield and E. H. Goodyear, Melliand Textilber., 11, 867 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  281. H. E. A. Kramer and A. Maute, Photochem. Photobiol., 17, 413 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. G. S. Egerton, Br. Polym. J., 3, 63 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. M. W. RemBold and H. E. A. Kramer, Org. Coat. Plast. Chem., 42, 703 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. H. Oda and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Color., 102, 305 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. H. Oda and T. Kitao, Chem. Express, 1, 407 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. T. Wilson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 2898 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. A. Zweig and W. A. Henderson, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 13, 993 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. J. P. Guillory and C. F. Cook, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 11, 1927 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. J. P. Guillory and C. F. Cook, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95, 4885 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. D. J. Carlsson, G. D. Mendenhall, T. Suprunchuk and D. M. Wiles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 8960 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. A. T. Trozzolo and F. H. Winslow, Macromolecules, 1, 98 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. H. Shosenji, H. Igarashi and K. Yamada, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 271 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  293. C. C. Cook, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 12, 73 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. N. K. Bridge, J. Soc. Dyers Color., 76, 484 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  295. P. G. Baugh. G. O. Phillips and N. W. Worthington, J. Soc. Dyers Color., 85, 19 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  296. B. Garston, J. Soc. Dyers Color., 100, 376 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. J. Griffiths and C. Hawkins, Polymer, 17, 113 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  298. D. R. Carlsson, T. Suprunchuk and M. Wiles, J. Polym. Sei., Polym. Lett., 14, 493 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  299. C. H. Bamford and J. S. Dewar, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 106, 214 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  300. J. J. Moran and H. I. Stonehill, J. Chem. Soc.,119 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  301. J. J. Moran and H. I. Stonehill, J. Chem. Soc., 788 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  302. N. Kuramoto, I. Satake, K. Natsukawa, K. Yamamoto, H. Hirota, K. Shiozaki, Y. Murakami, T. Kitao and R. Yamamoto, Seni, 37, 49 (1985); Sen’i, 37, 148 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. N. Kuramoto, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 103, 318 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. N. Kuramoto and K. Asao, Chem. Express, 2, 437 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Japanese Patent, No. 1506466 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  306. N. Nakamura, I. Okagawa, T. Katayama, M. Nöda, F. Sakane and S. Nakanishi, Sen’i, 37,155 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. A. B. M. Abdullan and L. W. C. Miles, Text. Res. J., 84, 415 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  308. B. S. Stowe, R. E. Fornes and R. D. Gilbert, Polym. Plast. Technol Eng., 3, 159 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. N. S. Allen and J. F. McKellar, J. Polym. Sei., Macromol. Rev., 13, 241 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. A. Anton, J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 9, 1631 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. T. Yamagata, T. Ishii, Y. Takanaka and T. Handa, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1079 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  312. Z. Osawa, E. L. Chen and K. Nagashima, J. Polym. Sei., 15, 445 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. H. A. Taylor, W. C. Tincher and W. F. Hamner, J. Appl Polym. Sei., 14, 141 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. W. B. Hardy, in Developments in Polymer Photochemistry-3, N. S. Allen, ed., Applied Science Publ., p. 287, London (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  315. H. S. Koenig and C. W. Roberts, J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 19, 1847 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. C. H. Giles, C. D. Shah, W. E. Waltts and R. S. Sinclair, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 88, 433 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. C. H. Giles, B. T. Hojiwala, C. D. Shah and R. S. Sinclair, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 90, 45 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. N. S. Allen, B. Harwood and J. H. McKellar, J. Photochem., 10, 193 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. B. Ranby and J. F. Rabek, in Photodegradation, Photooxidation and Photostabilisation of Polymers, John Wiley, London (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  320. G. A. Horsfall, Text. Res. J. 52, 197 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. J. P. Pacifici and J. M. Staley, J. Polym. Sci. t Polym. Lett., 7,1 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  322. M. Day and D. M. Wiles, J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 16, 203 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. C. S. Paik and H. Morawetz, Macromolecules, 5, 171 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. F. P. Chernyakovskij, K. A. Chernyakovskaya and L. A. Blyumenfel’d, Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 47,3 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  325. P. L. Beltrame, E. Dubini-Paglia and B. Marcandalli, J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 38, 763 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. K. S. Schanze, T. F. Mattox and D. G. Whitten, J. Org. Chem., 48, 2808 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. R. Eichler, P. Richter and P. Vonhone, Textilveredlung, 20, 126 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. J. Park, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 11, 19 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  329. J. R. Bond, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 12, 17 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. A. Garton, D. J. Carlsson and D. M. Wiles, in Developments in Polymer Photo- chemistry-1, N. S. Allen, ed., Appl. Sei. Publ., London, pp. 93–124 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  331. J. Lemaire and R. Arnaud, Polym. Photochem., 5, 243 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. J. Czerny, J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 16, 2623 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. N. S. Allen, D. J. Bullen and J. F. McKellar, J. Mater. Sei., 12, 1130 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  334. G. E. Egerton and K. M. Shah, Text. Res. J., 38, 130 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. H. G. Voltz, G. Kampf and H. G. Fitsky, Prog. Org. Coat., 3, 223 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  336. F. Gugmus, Developments in Polymer Stabilization-1, G. Scoott, ed. Appl. Science Publ., p. 261 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  337. K. Murakami, Yuki Goseikagaku, 31, 198 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  338. N. S. Allen, A. Chirinos-Padron and T. J. Henman, Polym. Deg. Stab. 13, 31 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. J. Sedlar, J. Marchal and J. Pertruj, Photochemistry, 2,175 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. T. Kurumada, Shikizai Kyokaishi, 62, 215 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. N. Kuramoto and K. Asao, Rep. Osaka Pref. Ind. Inst., 89, 1 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  342. N. Kuramoto and K. Asao, Dyes Pigm., 12, 65 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. N. Kuramoto, Senryo to Yakuhin, 37, 8 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. N. Kuramoto, K. Natsukawa and M. Hirota, Dyes Pigm., 9, 319 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. N. Kuramoto, Sen’i, 37,197 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. N. Kuramoto, Soc. Dyers Colour., 106,135 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Japanese Patent, No. 1710190(1992).

    Google Scholar 

  348. H. Shiozaki, H. Nakazumi andT. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 104,173 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. H. Nakazumi, T. Ueyama, T. Kitaguch and T. Kitao, Phosphorus and Sulfur, 16, 59 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. H. Shiozaki, H. Nakazumi and T. Kitao, Shikizai Kyokaishi, 60, 415 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. H. Shiozaki, H. Nakazumi, Y. Nakado, T. Kitao and M. Ohizumi, Chem. Express, 3, 61 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. T. Kitao, Kagaku to Kogyo, 41, 1029 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. T. Kitao, Sensyoku-kogyo, 33, 218 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. M. Matsuoka, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 105,167 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. J. Griffiths, Colour and Constitution of Organic Molecules, Academic Press (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  356. J. Fabin and H. Hartmann, Light Absorption of Organic Colorants, Springer-Verlag (1980).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  357. R. Pariser and R. G. Parr, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 466, 767 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. J. A. Pople, Trans. Faraday Soc., 49,1375 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. K. Y. Chu and J. Griffiths, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 696 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  360. M. Matsuoka, M. Kishimoto and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 94, 435 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Y. Kogo, H. Kikuchi, M. Matsuoka and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 96, 526 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. J. Griffiths and K. J. Pender, Dyes Pigm., 2, 213 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  363. M. Matsuoka, Sensyoku Kogyo, 35, 22 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. G. Hallas, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 95, 285 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. S. Yasui, M. Matsuoka and T. Kitao, Dyes Pigm., 10, 13 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. H. Zollinger, Color Chemistry, VCH, Weinheim (1987), revised version (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  367. M. Ohkawara, M. Matsuoka, T. Hirashima and T. Kitao, Kinousei-shikiso, Kodansya- Elsevier, Tokyo (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  368. Z. Yoshida and T. Kitao, eds., Chemistry of Functional Dyes, Vol. 1, Mita Press, Tokyo (1989), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Z. Yoshida and Y. Shirota, eds., Chemistry of Functional Dyes, Vol. 2, Mita Press, Tokyo (1993), and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  370. V. B. Jipson and C. R. Jones, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 18,105 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Tokyo Denki Kagaku (TDK), Japanese BP 60–73892 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  372. Japanese P, 61–25886.

    Google Scholar 

  373. K. Y. Law and F. C. Bailey, Can. J. Chem., 64, 2267 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. K. Y. Law, S. Kaplan and R. K. Crandall, Dyes Pigm., 9,187 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. N. Kuramoto, K. Natsukawa and K. Asao, Dyes Pigm., 11, 21 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  376. D. Keil, H. Hartmann and T. Moschny, Dyes Pigm., 17, 19 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. S. H. Kim, M. Matsuoka and T. Kitao, Chem. Lett., 1351 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  378. M. Ohkawara, T. Kitao, T. Hirashima and M. Matsuoka, Organic Colorants—A Handbook of Data of Selected Dyes for Electro-Optical Application, Kodansya- Elsevier, Tokyo (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  379. M. Matsuoka, Senryo to Yakuhin, 30, 308 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. K. Yamamoto, Senryo to Yakuhin, 19, 230 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. K. Yoshida, Shikizai Kyokaishi, 61, 338 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  382. M. Umehara, T. Abe and H. Oba, Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi, 43, 334 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. M. Itoh, S. Esho, K. Nakagawa and M. Matsuoka, Optical Storage Media, SPIE-420, A. E. Bell and A. A. Jamberdino, eds., p. 332 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  384. R. Heilingman-Rim, Y. Hirschberg and E. Fischer, J. Phys. Chem., 62, 2471 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  385. A. Miyashita, Shikizai Kyokaishi, 64, 76 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. H. J. Heller, P. J. Darcy, S. Patharakorn, R. D. Piggott and J. Whittall, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I, 315 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  387. H. J. Heller, Proceeding in Reference No. 366, p. 267 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  388. M. Irie and M. Mohri, J. Org. Chem., 53, 803 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. K. Uchida and M. Irie, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 65, 430 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. N. Matsumura, Sensyoku Kogyo, 32, 215 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. S. Yasui, M. Matsuoka, M. Takao and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour 104, 284 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. S. Yasui, Shikizai Kyokaishi, 60, 212 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. S. H. Kim, M. Matsuoka, M. Yomoto, Y. Tsuchiya and T. Kitao, Dyes Pigm., 8, 381 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. E. S. Voropai and M. P. Samtsov, Opt. Spektrosk., 62, 64 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. N. Kuramoto, Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  396. N. Kuramoto, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 106, 181 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. N. Kuramoto, in Reference No. 366, p. 178 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  398. N. Kuramoto, K. Natsukawa, Y. Sakurai, M. Fujishima, A. Aoki and M. Hirota, Rep. Osaka Pref. Ind. Tech. Res. Inst., (Gijyutushiryo), Vol. 1, 45 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  399. H. Nakazumi, R. Takamura, T. Kitao, K. Kashiwagi, H. Harada and H. Shiozaki, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 106, 363 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. K. Namba, in Reference No. 366, p. 349 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  401. E. Ando, J. Miyazaki, K. Morimoto, H. Nakahara and K. Fukuda, Proc. Int. Symp. Future Electron Devices, Tokyo, p. 47 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  402. H. Oda and T. Kitao, Dyes Pigm., 12, 97 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. H. Oda and T. Kitao, J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 105, 257 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. M. Matsuoka, Shikizai Kyokaishi, 63, 609 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Chapman & Hall

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kuramoto, N. (1996). The photodegradation of synthetic colorants. In: Peters, A.T., Freeman, H.S. (eds) Physico-Chemical Principles of Color Chemistry. Advances in Color Chemistry Series, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0091-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0091-2_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6528-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-0091-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics