Abstract
Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) has been extensively used in Europe and is now gaining momentum in North America; both Canada and more recently the U.S. Construction projects have shown that CLT can effectively be used as an alternative construction material in mid-rise structures and has significant potential in commercial and industrial buildings. In the United States, the CLT system is not currently recognized in seismic design codes and therefore a seismic design can only be performed through alternative methods specified in the codes. The FEMA P695 report published in 2009 presents a methodology to determine seismic performance factors namely the response modification factor, overstrength factor, and deflection amplification factor for a proposed seismic resisting system. The methodology consists of a number of steps to characterize system behavior and evaluate its performance under seismic loading. The additional benefit of the methodology is that it considers variability in ground motions and uncertainties in tests, design, and modeling. This paper presents an overview of the P695 methodology and more specifically the approach adopted to apply the methodology to Cross Laminated Timber (cross lam) systems in the United States. The type of tests and testing configurations conducted as part of this study and development of the CLT archetypes are discussed. Nonlinear models used to simulate CLT behavior at the connection, wall, and system levels are presented and the procedure to determine collapse margin ratio is explained.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American National Standards Institute/American Forest and Paper Association NDS(ANSI/AF&PA), National design specification for wood construction, Washington, D.C. (2012)
APA - The Engineered Wood Association. Standard for Performance-Rated Cross Laminated Timber, ANSI/APA PRG 320. Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. (2011)
ASCE, Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures. ASCE Standard ASC/SEI 7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia (2005)
ASCE, Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures. ASCE Standard ASC/SEI 7-10, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia (2010)
ASCE, Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. ASCE Standard ASC/SEI 41-06, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia (2007)
Baker, J.W., Cornell, C.A.: Spectral shape, epsilon, and record selection. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 34(10), 1193–1217 (2006)
Ceccotti, A., Follesa, M.: Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Storey X-Lam Buildings. In: COST E29 International Workshop on Earthquake Engineering on Timber Structures, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 81–95 (2006)
Ceccotti, A.: New Technologies for Construction of Medium-Rise Buildings in Seismic regions: The XLAM Case. Structural Engineering International SEI 18(2), 156–165 (2008)
CLT, CLT Handbook, U.S. Edition, FPInnovations and Binational Softwood Lumber Council (2013)
Dujic, B., Zarnic, R.: Study of Lateral resistance of Massive X-Lam Wooden Wall System subjected to Horizontal Loads. In: COST E29 International Workshop on Earthquake Engineering on Timber Structures, Coimbra, Portugal, pp. 97–104 (2006)
Dujic, B., Klobcar, S., Zarnic, R.: Shear Capacity of Cross-Laminated Wooden Walls. In: Proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering, Myazaki, Japan (2008)
FEMA, “Quantification of building seismic performance factors: FEMA P695” Federal Emergency Management Agency (2009)
Ibarra, L., Medina, R., Krawinkler, H.: Collapse assessment of deteriorating SDOF systems. In: Proceeding of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK, Paper reference 665, September 9-13. Elsevier, Oxford (2002)
Pang, W., Rosowsky, D.V., Pei, S., van de Lindt, J.W.: Simplified direct displacement design of a six-story woodframe building and pre-test performance assessment. J. Struct. Eng. 136(7), 813–825 (2010)
Pei, S., van de Lindt, J.W.: User’s Manual for SAPWood for Windows: Seismic Analysis Package for Woodframe Structures, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (2007)
Pei, S., van de Lindt, J.W.: Coupled Shear-Bending Formulation for Seismic Analysis of Stacked Shear Wall System. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 38, 1631–1647 (2009)
Pei, S., van de Lindt, J.W., Popovski, M.: Approximate R-Factor for Cross Laminated Walls in Multi-Story Buildings. ASCE Journal of Architectural Engineering (May 2012)
Popovski, M., Schneider, J., Schweinsteiger, M.: Lateral Load Resistance of Cross-Laminated Wood Panels. In: World Conference on Timber Engineering, pp. 20–24 (2010)
Vamvatsikos, D., Cornell, C.A.: Incremental Dynamic Analysis. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 31(3), 219–231 (2002)
van de Lindt, J.W., Pei, S., Liu, H., Filiatrault, A.: Seismic Response of a Full-Scale Light Frame Wood Building: A Numerical Study. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering 136(1), 56–65 (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 RILEM
About this paper
Cite this paper
Amini, M.O., van de Lindt, J.W., Pei, S., Rammer, D., Line, P., Popovski, M. (2014). Overview of a Project to Quantify Seismic Performance Factors for Cross Laminated Timber Structures in the United States. In: Aicher, S., Reinhardt, HW., Garrecht, H. (eds) Materials and Joints in Timber Structures. RILEM Bookseries, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_49
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_49
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7810-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7811-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)