Skip to main content

Learning from Experience: From Workplace Learning to Communities of Practice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Faculty Development in the Health Professions

Part of the book series: Innovation and Change in Professional Education ((ICPE,volume 11))

Abstract

The faculty development literature primarily describes formal, structured approaches to faculty development. The goal of this chapter is to highlight the important role that ‘learning on the job’ can play in the development of faculty competencies. More specifically, we will discuss the basic principles of workplace learning and some of its key components, including role modeling, reflection, and learning from peers. The link between workplace learning and communities of practice will also be described, as will the role of communities of practice in nurturing faculty development. Faculty developers can help individuals and institutions to value and promote workplace learning and assist in the establishment of communities of practice that can foster professional growth and renewal.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barab, S. A., Barnett, M., & Squire, K. (2002). Developing an empirical account of a community of practice: Characterizing the essential tensions. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 11(4), 489–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, P. N., Parker, S., & Smigiel, H. (2012). Paired peer review of university classroom teaching in a school of nursing and midwifery. Nurse Education Today, 32(6), 665–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierema, L. L. (1996). Development of the individual leads to more productive workplaces. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 1996(72), 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billett, S. (1994). Situating learning in the workplace - Having another look at apprenticeships. Industrial and Commercial Training, 26(11), 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billett, S. (1995). Workplace learning: Its potential and limitations. Education and Training, 37(5), 20–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billett, S. (1996). Towards a model of workplace learning: The learning curriculum. Studies in Continuing Education, 18(1), 43–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billett, S. (2002). Toward a workplace pedagogy: Guidance, participation, and engagement. Adult Education Quarterly, 53(1), 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billett, S. (2004). Workplace participatory practices: Conceptualising workplaces as learning environments. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16(5–6), 312–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bligh, J. & Brice, J. (2007). The Academy of Medical Educators: A professional home for medical educators in the UK. Medical Education, 41(7), 625–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boud, D. & Garrick, J. (2001). Understanding learning at work. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boud, D., Keogh, R., & Walker, D. (1985). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. New York, NY: Nichols Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boud, D. & Middleton, H. (2003). Learning from others at work: Communities of practice and informal learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 15(5), 194–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branch, W. T. Jr., Frankel, R., Gracey, C. F., Haidet, P. M., Weissmann, P. F., Cantey, P., et al. (2009). A good clinician and a caring person: Longitudinal faculty development and the enhancement of the human dimensions of care. Academic Medicine, 84(1), 117–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. & Ward-Griffin, C. (1994). The use of peer evaluation in promoting nursing faculty teaching effectiveness: A review of the literature. Nurse Education Today, 14(4), 299–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. & Francis, R. (2001). Mentoring and beginning teachers’ workplace learning. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 29(3), 249–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheetham, G. & Chivers, G. (2001). How professionals learn in practice: An investigation of informal learning amongst people working in professions. Journal of European Industrial Training, 25(5), 247–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claridge, M. T. & Lewis, T. (2005). Coaching for effective learning: A practical guide for teachers in health and social care. Abingdon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Newman, S. E. (1989). Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the crafts of reading, writing and mathematics. In L.B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, V. (2009). Mapping the work-based learning of novice teachers: Charting some rich terrain. Medical Teacher, 31(12), e608–e614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, M., Irby, D. M., & Debas, H. T. (2003). The UCSF Academy of Medical Educators. Academic Medicine, 78(7), 666–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruess, S. R., Cruess, R. L., & Steinert, Y. (2008). Role modelling: Making the most of a powerful teaching strategy. BMJ, 336(7646), 718–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daudelin, M. W. (1996). Learning from experience through reflection. Organizational Dynamics, 24(3), 36–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. H., Karunathilake, I., & Harden, R. M. (2005). AMEE Education Guide No. 28: The development and role of departments of medical education. Medical Teacher, 27(8), 665–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1933). How we think. Boston, MA: Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dornan, T., Boshuizen, H., King, N., & Scherpbier, A. (2007). Experience-based learning: A model linking the processes and outcomes of medical students’ workplace learning. Medical Education, 41(1), 84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DuFour, R. (2004). Leading edge: The best staff development is in the workplace, not in a workshop. Journal of Staff Development, 25(2), 63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, T. & Jaye, C. (2009). Communities of clinical practice: The social organization of clinical learning. Health, 13(1), 107–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, R. M. (1999). Mindful practice. JAMA, 282(9), 833–839.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, R. M., Cole, D. R., Gawinski, B. A., Piotrowski-Lee, S., Ruddy, N. B. (1998). How students learn from community-based preceptors. Archives of Family Medicine, 7(2), 149–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eraut, M. (2004a). Informal learning in the workplace. Studies in Continuing Education, 26(2), 247–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eraut, M. (2004b). Transfer of knowledge between education and workplace settings. In H. Rainbird, A. Fuller, A. Munro (Eds.), Workplace learning in context, (pp. 201–221). London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eraut, M. (2005). Continuity of learning. Learning in Health and Social Care, 4(1), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, K., Hodkinson, P., Rainbird, H., & Unwin, L. (2006). Improving workplace learning. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, A. & Unwin, L. (2003). Learning as apprentices in the contemporary UK workplace: Creating and managing expansive and restrictive participation. Journal of Education and Work, 16(4), 407–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruppen, L. D., Simpson, D., Searle, N. S., Robins, L., Irby, D. M., & Mullan, P. B. (2006). Educational fellowship programs: Common themes and overarching issues. Academic Medicine, 81(11), 990–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hafferty, F. W. (1998). Beyond curriculum reform: Confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Academic Medicine, 73(4), 403–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herbers, M. S., Antelo, A., Ettling, D., & Buck, M. A. (2011). Improving teaching through a community of practice. Journal of Transformative Education, 9(2), 89–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewson, M. G. (1991). Reflection in clinical teaching: An analysis of reflection-on-action and its implications for staffing residents. Medical Teacher, 13(3), 227–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, S., Bernstein, L., Manning, K., Schneider, J., Kho, A., Brownfield, E., et al. (2011). Through the looking glass: How reflective learning influences the development of young faculty members. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 23(3), 238–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irby, D. M., Cooke, M., Lowenstein, D., & Richards, B. (2004). The academy movement: A structural approach to reinvigorating the educational mission. Academic Medicine, 79(8), 729–736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jippes, E., Steinert, Y., Pols, J., Achterkamp, M. C., van Engelen, J. M., & Brand P. L. (2013). How do social networks and faculty development courses affect clinical supervisors’ adoption of a medical education innovation? An exploratory study. Academic Medicine, 88(3), 398–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jochemsen-van der Leeuw, H. G., van Dijk, N., van Etten-Jamaludin, F. S., & Wieringa-de Waard, M. (2013). The attributes of the clinical trainer as a role model: A systematic review. Academic Medicine, 88(1), 26–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, N. P., Mann, K. V., & MacLeod, H. (2003). Role modeling in physicians’ professional formation: Reconsidering an essential but untapped educational strategy. Academic Medicine, 78(12), 1203–1210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachman, N. & Pawlina, W. (2006). Integrating professionalism in early medical education: The theory and application of reflective practice in the anatomy curriculum. Clinical Anatomy, 19(5), 456–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L. C., Grimshaw, J. M., Nielsen, C., Judd, M., Coyte, P. C., & Graham, I. D. (2009). Use of communities of practice in business and health care sectors: A systematic review. Implementation Science, 4, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lown, B. A., Newman, L. R., & Hatem, C. J. (2009). The personal and professional impact of a fellowship in medical education. Academic Medicine, 84(8), 1089–1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall, J. & Drummond, M. J. (2005). The development of medical teachers: An enquiry into the learning histories of 10 experienced medical teachers. Medical Education, 39(12), 1213–1220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mamede, S. & Schmidt, H. G. (2004). The structure of reflective practice in medicine. Medical Education, 38(12), 1302–1308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCloughen, A., O’Brien, L., & Jackson, D. (2006). Positioning mentorship within Australian nursing contexts: A literature review. Contemporary Nurse, 23(1), 120–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, P. J. & Steinert, Y. (2009). Peer coaching as an approach to faculty development. Medical Teacher, 31(12), 1043–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, P. J., Steinert, Y., Capek, R., Chalk, C., Brawer, J., Ruhe, V., et al. (2013). Peer review: An effective approach to cultivating lecturing virtuosity. Medical Teacher, 35(4), e1046–e1051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Megginson, D. (1996). Planned and emergent learning: Consequences for development. Management Learning, 27(4), 411–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, A. S., Skinner, D. H., Hicks, E., & O’Sullivan P. S. (2009). Developing an educator network: The effect of a teaching scholars program in the health professions on networking and productivity. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 21(3), 175–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, S., Stein, F., Ottenbacher, K. J., & Liu, Y. (2002). The role of mentoring on research productivity among occupational therapy faculty. Occupational Therapy International, 9(1), 24–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raelin, J. A. (1997). A model of work-based learning. Organization Science, 8(6), 563–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Records, K. & Emerson, R. J. (2003). Mentoring for research skill development. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(12), 553–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Retallick, J. (1999). Teachers’ workplace learning: Towards legitimation and accreditation. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 5(1), 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reuler, J. B. & Nardone, D. A. (1994). Role modeling in medical education. The Western Journal of Medicine, 160(4), 335–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandars, J. (2009). The use of reflection in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 44. Medical Teacher, 31(8), 685–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santucci, A. K., Lingler, J. H., Schmidt, K. L., Nolan, B. A. D., Thatcher, D., & Polk, D. E. (2008). Peer-mentored research development meeting: A model for successful peer mentoring among junior level researchers. Academic Psychiatry, 32(6), 493–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, N. S., Thompson, B. M., Friedland, J. A., Lomax, J. W., Drutz, J. E., Coburn, M., et al. (2010). The prevalence and practice of academies of medical educators: A survey of U.S. medical schools. Academic Medicine, 85(1), 48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherbino, J., Snell, L., Dath, D., Dojeiji, S., Abbott, C., & Frank, J. R. (2010). A national clinician-educator program: A model of an effective community of practice. Medical Education Online, 15, Art. 5356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherer, P. D., Shea, T. P., & Kristensen, E. (2003). Online communities of practice: A catalyst for faculty development. Innovative Higher Education, 27(3), 183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. (2010a). Becoming a better teacher: From intuition to intent. In J. Ende (Ed.), Theory and practice of teaching medicine, (pp. 73–93). Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. (2010b). Developing medical educators: A journey not a destination. In T. Swanwick (Ed.), Understanding medical education: Evidence, theory and practice, (pp. 403–418). Edinburgh, UK: Association for the Study of Medical Education.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. (2010c). Faculty development: From workshops to communities of practice. Medical Teacher, 32(5), 425–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. (2012). Faculty development: On becoming a medical educator. Medical Teacher, 34(1), 74–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y., Boudreau, J. D., Boillat, M., Slapcoff, B., Dawson, D., Briggs, A., et al. (2010). The Osler Fellowship: An apprenticeship for medical educators. Academic Medicine, 85(7), 1242–1249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y., Mann, K., Centeno, A., Dolmans, D., Spencer, J., Gelula, M., et al. (2006). A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to improve teaching effectiveness in medical education: BEME Guide No. 8. Medical Teacher, 28(6), 497–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinert, Y. & McLeod, P. J. (2006). From novice to informed educator: The Teaching Scholars Program for Educators in the Health Sciences. Academic Medicine, 81(11), 969–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanwick, T. (2005). Informal learning in postgraduate medical education: From cognitivism to ‘culturism’. Medical Education, 39(8), 859–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanwick, T. (2008). See one, do one, then what? Faculty development in postgraduate medical education. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 84(993), 339–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Wright, A. (2009). Reframing professional development through understanding authentic professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 702–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivating communities of practice. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yvonne Steinert Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steinert, Y. (2014). Learning from Experience: From Workplace Learning to Communities of Practice. In: Steinert, Y. (eds) Faculty Development in the Health Professions. Innovation and Change in Professional Education, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7612-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics