Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Impact of Economic Crises on Health: Past Evidence and Policy Implications for Asia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Economic Stress, Human Capital, and Families in Asia

Part of the book series: Quality of Life in Asia ((QLAS,volume 4))

  • 1057 Accesses

Abstract

Based on the past lessons of history, public policy priorities during times of crisis should aim at strengthening social welfare and mental health services, monitoring risks and symptoms over critical time periods, and should pay special attention to high-risk and vulnerable groups and render assistance in priority areas of need. Governments play a critical role in providing social protection but face competing demands for funding (Marmot and Bell, BMJ, 338:858–860 b1314, 2009). The onus is on health and social policy advocates to lobby for political action to strengthen and maintain safety nets. Resource allocation needs to be prioritized to make healthcare more affordable, and social and healthcare financing needs to be diversified for this purpose. Investment in prevention and early detection and treatment of illness is good public policy in times of economic crisis, and an urgent priority is the strengthening of mental health services in anticipation of the increased demand (Phua and Kua, Asia Pacific Psychiatry, 1(2):55–57, 2009). Economic crises should provide opportunities and the imperative to implement evidence-based health policies, to protect and expand public health budgets in order to avoid longer-term social and economic costs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abel-Smith, B. (1986). The world economic crisis. Part 1: Repercussions on health. Health Policy and Planning, 1(3), 202–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrahamson, P., Anderson, J., Henriksen, J., Jorgen, E. L., & Andersen, J. (1986). Unemployment and poverty in the contemporary welfare state. Acta Sociologica, 29(1), 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamchak, D. J. (1979). Emerging trends in the relationship between infant mortality and socio-economic status. Social Biology, 26(1), 16–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). (2000). Impact of the Asian financial crisis on health. Melbourne: Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, A., Fleming, R., & Reddy, D. M. (1986). Unemployment stress: Loss of control, reactance and learned helplessness. Social Science & Medicine, 22(5), 509–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson, T., & Ohlsson, R. (1985). Age specific mortality and short-term changes in the standard of living: Sweden, 1751–1859. European Journal of Population, 1(4), 309–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhutta, Z. A., Bawany, F. A., Feroze, A., & Rizvi, A. (2009). The impact of the food and economic crisis on the nutrition of children. Report of UNICEF Conference on Impact of the Economic Crisis on Children, 6–7 January 2009, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1967). Economic change and mental hospitalization: New York State, 1910–1960. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2, 180–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1971). Economic changes and heart disease mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 61(3), 606–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1973a). Fetal, infant, and maternal mortality during periods of economic instability. International Journal of Health Services, 3(2), 145–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1973b). Mental illness and the economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1975). Trends in alcohol consumption and associated illnesses: Some effects of economic changes. American Journal of Public Health, 65(12), 1279–1292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1979). Mortality and the national economy. A review, and the experience of England and Wales, 1936–76. The Lancet, 2, 568–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1983). Mortality and economic instability: Detailed analysis for Britain and comparative analyses for selected industrialized countries. International Journal of Health Services, 13(4), 563–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1984). Estimating the effects of national economic change on national and social well being. Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1987a). Relation of economic change to Swedish health and social well-being, 1950–1980. Social Science & Medicine, 25(2), 183–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1987b). Economic change, alcohol consumption and heart disease mortality in nine industrialized countries. Social Science & Medicine, 25(2), 119–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H. (1987c). Economic instability, unemployment rates, behavioral risks, and mortality rates in Scotland, 1952–1983. International Journal of Health Services, 17(3), 475–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H., & Mooney, A. (1982). Economic change and sex-specific cardiovascular mortality in Britain, 1955–1976. Social Science & Medicine, 16(4), 431–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. H., & Mooney, A. (1983). Unemployment and health in the context of economic change. Social Science & Medicine, 17(16), 1125–1138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfman, M. (1992). Infant mortality and crisis in Mexico. International Journal of Health Services, 22(1), 157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunn, A. R. (1979). Ischaemic heart disease mortality and the business cycle in Australia. American Journal of Public Health, 69(8), 772–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R., & Dooley, C. D. (1977). Economic predictors of depressed mood and stressful life events in a metropolitan community. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 18(3), 292–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R., & Dooley, C. D. (1979). The economy as a stressor: A sectoral analysis. Review of Social Economy, 37(2), 175–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R., & Serxner, S. (1992). Neonatal mortality and the economy revisited. International Journal of Health Services, 22(2), 275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R., Dooley, D., & Jackson, R. (1981). Economic predictors of admissions to mental health facilities in a non-metropolitan community. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(3), 284–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S. S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A., Lu, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. (2009). Was the economic crisis 1997–1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time-trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Social Science & Medicine, 68(7), 1322–1331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S. (1974). Physiological changes in men whose jobs were abolished. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 18, 245–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombino, U. (1984). An econometric investigation of the condition of children in Italy. World Development, 12(3), 365–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, D., Catalano, R., Jackson, R., & Brownell, A. (1981). Economic, life, and symptom changes in a non-metropolitan community. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 22(2), 144–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensor, T., Cooper, S., Davidson, L., Fitzmaurice, A., & Graham, W. J. (2010). The impact of economic recession on maternal and infant mortality: Lessons From history. BMC Public Health, 10, 727. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-727.

    Google Scholar 

  • ESCAP, ADB, & UNDP. (2008). A future within reach. Bangkok: UN ESCAP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyer, J. (1977a). Prosperity as a cause of death. International Journal of Health Services, 7(1), 125–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyer, J. (1977b). Does unemployment cause the death rate peak in each business cycle? International Journal of Health Services, 7(4), 625–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falagas, M. E., Vouloumanou, E. K., Mavros, M. N., & Karageorgopoulos, D. E. (2009). Economic crises and mortality: A review of the literature. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 63(8), 1128–1135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M., Stansfeld, S., & Marmot, M. (2002). Effects of chronic job insecurity and change in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures and health related behaviours in British civil servants: The Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, 450–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, J. F., & McGregor, A. (1987). Male unemployment and cause-specific mortality in postwar Scotland. International Journal of Health Services, 17(2), 233–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francisco, R., & Wan, G. (2009). How is the global recession impacting on poverty and social spending? An ex ante assessment methodology with applications to developing Asia (Asian Development Bank (ADB) Sustainable Development Working Paper Series No. 8). The Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, P. J. (1986). Health care in a declining economy: The case of Zambia. Social Science & Medicine, 23(9), 875–888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fronstin, P. (2010). The impact of the recession on employment-based health coverage. EBRI Issue Brief, 342, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graetz, B. (1993). Health consequences of employment and unemployment: Longitudinal evidence for males and females. Social Science & Medicine, 36(6), 715–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravelle, H. S. E., Hutchinson, G., & Stern, J. (1981). Mortality and unemployment: A critique of Brenner’s time series analysis. The Lancet, 2, 675–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayson, J. P. (1989). Reported illness after a CGE closure. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 80, 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstrom, A., Janlert, U., & Theorell, T. (1988). Youth unemployment and ill health: Results from a 2-year follow-up study. Social Science & Medicine, 26(10), 1025–1033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpham, T. (1986). Review article: Health and the urban poor. Health Policy and Planning, 1(1), 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka, J., Lehto, S. M., Niskanen, L., Huotari, A., Herzig, K.-H., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Honkalampi, K., Sinikallio, S., & Viinamaki, H. (2009). Unemployment and ill Health: A connection through inflammation? BMC Public Health, 9, 410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holahan, J. (2011). The 2007–09 recession and health insurance coverage. Health Affairs, 30(1), 145–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, R. (2009). The global financial crisis: An acute threat to health. The Lancet, 373, 355–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2009). The implications of the global financial crisis for low-income countries. Washington, DC: IMF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacinto, P. A., Tejada, C. A., & Sousa, T. R. (2010). Effects of macroeconomic conditions on health in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 44(2), 310–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janlert, U. (2009). Economic crisis, unemployment and public health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37, 783–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • John J., Schwefel, D., & Zollner, H. (Eds.) (1983). Influence of economic instability on health: Proceedings of a symposium. Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, 9–11 September 1981. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, R., & Cornia, G. A. (1984). Editors’ introduction. World Development, 12(3), 171–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S. V. (1979). Mortality and the business cycle: Some questions about research strategies using macrosociological and ecological data. American Journal of Public Health, 69(89), 784–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Chung, W. J., Song, Y. J., Kang, D. R., Yi, J. Y., & Nam, C. M. (2003). Changes in morbidity and medical care utilization after the recent economic crisis in the Republic of Korea. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(8), 567–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, J. C., Chun, H., & Cho, S. (2009). A closer look at the increase in suicide rates in South Korea from 1986–2005. BMC Public Health, 9, 72. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, A. (2004). Do economic cycles have a permanent effect on population health? Revisiting the Brenner Hypothesis. Health Economics, 13, 767–779.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Guo, W. J., Tsang, A., Mark, A. D., Wu, J., Ng, K. L., & Kwok, K. (2010). Evidence for the 2008 economic crisis exacerbating depression in Hong Kong. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(1–2), 125–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeflang, R. L., Klein-Hesselink, D. J., & Spruit, I. P. (1992a). Health effects of unemployment – I. Long-term unemployed men in a rural and an urban Setting. Social Science & Medicine, 34(4), 341–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeflang, R. L., Klein-Hesselink, D. J., & Spruit, I. P. (1992b). Health effects of unemployment – II. Men and women. Social Science & Medicine, 34(4), 351–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, B. S., & Sidel, V. W. (Eds.). (2006). Social injustice and public health. New York: OUP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lew, E. A. (1979). Mortality and the business cycle: How far can we push an association? American Journal of Public Health, 69(8), 782–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1986). Educational finance in recession. Prospects, 16(2), 215–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liem, R., & Liem, J. (1978). Social class and mental illness reconsidered: The role of economic stress and social support. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 19(2), 139–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liem, R., & Rayman, P. (1982). Health and social costs of unemployment: Research and policy considerations. The American Psychologist, 37(10), 1116–1123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loewenson, R. (1989). Challenges to health in plantation economies: Recent trends. Health Policy and Planning, 4(4), 334–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luoto, R., Poikolainen, K., & Uutela, A. (1998). Unemployment, sociodemographic background and consumption of alcohol before and during the economic recession of the 1990s in Finland. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27(4), 623–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMahon, B., & Yen, S. (1971). Unrecognized epidemic of anencephaly and spinal bifida. The Lancet, 1, 31–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M., & Bell, R. (2009). How will the financial crisis affect health? BMJ, 338(858–860), b1314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meegama, S. A. (1980, April). Socio-economic determinants of infant and child mortality in Sri Lanka: An analysis of post-war experience (World Fertility Survey Sci Reports No. 8). Voorburg, The Netherlands: International Statistical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., McManus, S., & Stansfeld, S. (2010). Job insecurity, socio-economic circumstances and depression. Psychological Medicine, 40(8), 1301–1407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. A. (1985). Infant mortality in the U.S. Scientific American, 253(1), 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. A., Coulter, E. J., Schorr, L. B., Fine, A., & Adams-Taylor, S. (1985a). The world economic crisis and the children: United States case study. International Journal of Health Services, 15(1), 95–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. A., Coulter, E. J., Fine, A., Adams-Taylor, S., & Schorr, L. B. (1985b). 1984 update on the world economic crisis and the children: A United States case study. International Journal of Health Services, 15(3), 431–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrell, S., Taylor, R., Quine, S., & Kerr, C. (1993). Suicide and unemployment in Australia 1907–1990. Social Science & Medicine, 36(6), 749–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. N., & Titmuss, R. M. (1944). Health and social change: Recent history of rheumatic heart disease. The Medical Officer, 72, 69–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, K. A., Fox, A. J., & Jones, D. R. (1984). Unemployment and mortality in the OPCS longitudinal study. The Lancet, 324, 1324–1329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, K. A., Jones, D. R., Fox, A. J., & Goldblatt, P. O. (1986). Unemployment and mortality: Further evidence from the OPCS longitudinal study 1971–81. The Lancet, 327, 365–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, K. A., Goldblatt, P. O., Fox, A. J., & Jones, D. R. (1987). Unemployment and mortality: Comparison of the 1971 and 1981 longitudinal study census samples. BMJ, 294, 86–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muniz, J. G., Fabian, J. S., Manriquez, J. C., & Hertenberg, R. (1984). The recent worldwide economic crisis and the welfare of children: The case of Cuba. World Development, 12(3), 247–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musgrove, P. (1987). The impact of the economic crisis on health and health care in Latin America and the Caribbean. International Journal of Health Services, 17(3), 411–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narendranathan, W., Nickell, S., & Metcalf, D. (1985). An investigation into the incidence and dynamic structure of sickness and unemployment in Britain, 1965–1975. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General), 148(P3), 254–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogburn, W., & Thomas, D. (1923). The influence of the business cycle on certain social conditions. American Statistical Association Bulletin, 38, 137–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orivel, F. (1986). Economic crisis and educational crisis: Looking ahead. Prospects, 16(2), 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostamo, A., Lahelma, E., & Lonnqvist, J. (2001). Transitions of employment status among suicide attempters during a severe economic recession. Social Science & Medicine, 52(11), 1741–1750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phua, K. H., & Kua, E. H. (2009). Economic crisis and mental health services in Asia. Asia Pacific Psychiatry, 1(2), 55–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, S., Micciolo, R., & Tansella, M. (1992). Suicide and unemployment in Italy: Description, analysis and interpretation of recent trends. Social Science & Medicine, 34(11), 1191–1201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosero-Bixby, L. (1983, February 28–March 4). Social and economic policies and their effects on mortality: The case of Costa Rica. Paris: IUSSP-INED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhm, C. J. (2000). Are recessions good for your health? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 617–650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhm, C. J. (2007). A healthy economy can break your heart. Demography, 44, 829–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, H. W. (1937). Unemployment and health (Pilgrim Trust Enquiry, Interim Paper No. 4). Transcipt by The National Archives of the UK is available online at http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/topics/going-short.htm

  • Solantaus, T., Leinonen, J., & Punamaki, R. L. (2004). Children’s mental health in times of economic recession: Replication and extension of the family economic stress model in Finland. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 412–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starrin, B., Larsson, G., Brenner, S. O., Levi, L., & Petterson, I. L. (1990). Structural changes, ill health, and mortality in Sweden, 1963–1983: A macroaggregated study. International Journal of Health Services, 20(1), 27–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefansson, C. (1991). Long-term unemployment and mortality in Sweden, 1980–1986. Social Science & Medicine, 32(4), 419–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, J. (1983). The relationship between unemployment, morbidity and mortality in Britain. Population Studies, 37(1), 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckler, D., & Basu, S. (2009). The International Monetary Fund’s effects on global health: Before and after the 2008 financial crisis. International Journal of Health Services, 39(4), 771–781.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., & McKee, M. (2009a). The health implications of financial crisis: A review of the evidence. The Ulster Medical Journal, 78(3), 142–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A., & Mckee, M. (2009b). The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: An empirical analysis. The Lancet, 374(9686), 315–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S., & McKee, M. (2010). Budget crises, health, and social welfare programmes. BMJ, 340, c3311. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suh, S. M. (1984). Effects of the current world recession on the welfare of children: The case of Korea. World Development, 12(3), 329–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapia Granados, J. A. (2005a). Increasing mortality during the expansion of the US economy, 1900–1996. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 1194–1202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapia Granados, J. A. (2005b). Recessions and mortality in Spain, 1980–1997. European Journal of Population, 21, 393–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapia Granados, J. A. (2008). Macroeconomic fluctuations and mortality in postwar Japan. Demography, 45, 323–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. S. (1925). Social aspects of the business cycle. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. (2009). Report of UNICEF conference on Impact of the Economic Crisis on Children, 6–7 January 2009, Singapore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uutela, A. (2010). Economic crisis and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(2), 127–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagstaff, A. (1985). Time series analysis of the relationship between unemployment and mortality: A survey of economic critiques and replications of Brenner’s studies. Social Science & Medicine, 21(9), 985–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Smailes, E., Sareen, J., Fick, G. H., Schmitz, N., & Patten, S. B. (2010). The prevalence of mental disorders in the working population over the period of global economic crisis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(9), 598–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, H., Saadah, F., & Pradhan, M. (2003). The impact of the 1997–98 East Asian economic crisis on health and health care in Indonesia. Health Policy and Planning, 18(2), 172–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westin, S., Norum, D., & Schlesselman, J. J. (1988). Medical consequences of a factory closure: Illness and disability in a four year follow-up study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 17, 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, C. H. (1982). The political economy of infant mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Health Services, 12(2), 215–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, B. M., Prescott, N., & Bae, E. Y. (2001). The impact of economic crisis on health-care consumption in Korea. Health Policy and Planning, 16(4), 372–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilko, C. E. (2010). Economic contraction and birth outcomes: An integrative review. Human Reproduction Update, 16(4), 445–458.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Kai Hong Phua

  2. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Sunway Campus, Selangor, Malaysia

    Kai Lit Phua

Authors
  1. Kai Hong Phua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kai Lit Phua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kai Hong Phua .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology & Asia Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Wei-Jun Jean Yeung

  2. Institute of Policy Studies, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Mui Teng Yap

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Phua, K.H., Phua, K.L. (2013). The Impact of Economic Crises on Health: Past Evidence and Policy Implications for Asia. In: Yeung, WJ., Yap, M. (eds) Economic Stress, Human Capital, and Families in Asia. Quality of Life in Asia, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7386-8_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation