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Invasive Pathogens in Plant Biosecurity. Case Study: Citrus Biosecurity

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The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity

Abstract

Most of the world’s major citrus production areas were developed outside the citrus centres of origin, separated from many co-evolved natural enemies (pests and pathogens), but progressive globalisation has reunited some pests with their citrus hosts. Additionally, some ‘new-encounter’ pathogens have not co-evolved with citrus. The movement of major citrus pathogens of biosecurity concern is discussed with particular emphasis on tristeza, leprosis, huanglongbing and citrus variegated chlorosis. The chapter details recent attempts to eradicate citrus canker in Florida (USA) and Emerald (Australia) and focusses on the processes and impediments encountered to achieve eradication under very different climatic, legislative and industry conditions. The impact of citrus black spot in areas climatically conducive to the disease and a discussion of fruit as a pathway for introduction of the disease to new areas are discussed. The experience and learning acquired from managing and eradicating these citrus pests will be of value to other countries and regions that are faced with similar pest incursions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Rodney Turner (Program Manager, Plant Health Australia, Canberra), Mike Ashton (Plant Biosecurity & Product Integrity, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and Fiona Macbeth (formerly of Office of the Chief Plant Protection Officer, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra) for their review and constructive criticism of the section on citrus canker eradication at Emerald. The Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, all other Australian state government departments of agriculture, the citrus growers of Australia and the relevant communities should be acknowledged for their support and commitment to the successful eradication of citrus canker from Australia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Citrus Australia Ltd, 46, Mulgoa, NSW, 2745, Australia

    P. (Broadbent) Barkley

  2. Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 147100, Gainesville, FL, 32614-7100, USA

    T. Schubert

  3. Citrus Research International, 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa

    G. C. Schutte

  4. Contained Research Facility, University of California-Davis, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    K. Godfrey

  5. Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, 2201, Matieland, 7602, South Africa

    V. Hattingh

  6. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, Biosecurity Queensland, 1241, Oxley, QLD, 4075, Australia

    G. Telford

  7. University of Western Sydney, 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia

    G. A. C. Beattie

  8. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Pest Detection and Emergency Projects, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA

    K. Hoffman

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Correspondence to P. (Broadbent) Barkley .

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    Gordon Gordh

  2. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, West Australia, Australia

    Simon McKirdy

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Barkley, P.(. et al. (2014). Invasive Pathogens in Plant Biosecurity. Case Study: Citrus Biosecurity. In: Gordh, G., McKirdy, S. (eds) The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_18

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