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Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned pp 225–241Cite as

A Note on Imbricated Granite Boulders on NW Penang Island, Malaysia: Tsunami or Storm Origin?

Part of the Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research book series (NTHR,volume 35)

Abstract

The Batu Feringgi area (N coast, Penang Island), with a high concentration of beach hotels, is critical to the tourist economy of Malaysia. Three large imbricated granite boulders were discovered on the NE end of the beach, at 5°28′51.77″N, 100°15′72″E. These boulders, dipping 45°–70° seaward, are shaped as tabular parallelepipeds with rounded corners, with maximum masses of 1.1–2.4 t, based on a density of 2.71 g/cm3. The boulder shapes were dictated by the presence of joints in the coastal outcrops, which represent an uplifted and exhumed tropically-weathered granite-tor landscape.

In order to produce imbrication of several boulders, the mode of transport has to be rolling/overturning, rather than by sliding or saltation. The hydrodynamic equations for the initiation of boulder transport used in this study are the modified Nott equations, from Nandasena et al. (Marine Geology 281:70–84, 2011). Calculations were made using slopes of 2°and 5°.

The results of the calculations indicate that the minimum velocities required to transport the boulders under free-rolling transport modes were 6.07 and 6.12 m/s for 2° and 5° slopes respectively. For joint-bounded boulders, the minimum velocities are 9.39 and 9.53 m/s for 2° and 5° slopes respectively. These velocities are higher than the maximum velocities experienced at this particular locality during the great 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the largest known tsunami in recorded history. Because this tsunami flooded the area but did not result in appreciable damage to infrastructure, it is concluded that the imbricated boulders on Batu Feringgi beach are the result of tropical storm activity in the past, rather than from recent or past tsunamis. The N coast of Penang is thus regarded as safe from the hazard of damaging tsunamis resulting from mega-earthquakes in the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone, but the area is prone to tropical storm damage (with a return frequency of about 1 in 400 years), with wave velocities exceeding 6–9.5 m/s.

Keywords

  • Imbricated boulders
  • Penang island
  • Malaysia
  • Hydrodynamic calculations

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Vicente Santiago-Fandiño and Yevgeniy Kontar for their comments. I also thank Grahame Oliver and An Yi Lau (National University of Singapore) and Ray Durrheim (CSIR/University of the Witwatersrand) for discussions. I am indebted to two anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the paper. Financial support from the South African National Research Foundation to attend the AOGS-AGU Joint Assembly in Singapore (August, 2012) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Sharad Master

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Correspondence to Sharad Master .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Sciences, University of Findlay, Findlay, Ohio, USA

    Y.A. Kontar

  2. Environmental Assessment Consultant, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain

    V. Santiago-Fandiño

  3. Hydrosphere Disaster Laboratory Faculty of Safety Science, Kansai University, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, Japan

    T. Takahashi

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Master, S. (2014). A Note on Imbricated Granite Boulders on NW Penang Island, Malaysia: Tsunami or Storm Origin?. In: Kontar, Y., Santiago-Fandiño, V., Takahashi, T. (eds) Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7269-4_12

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