Skip to main content

From Volume to Outcomes: The Evolution of Pay for Performance in Medical Imaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Radiological Safety and Quality

Abstract

Although long ago established as the basis for physician remuneration in the United States, fee for service reimbursement systems are increasingly challenged by payers and consumers alike. As various stakeholders seek avenues to promote quality, enhance safety and improve outcomes, value based health care purchasing models receive ever-increasing attention. Trends, challenges and possible innovations in pay for performance programs, particularly as they relate to the physician component of medical imaging, are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ABR:

American Board of Radiology

ACO:

Accountable Care Organization

ACR:

American College of Radiology

CMS:

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

CPT:

Current Procedural Terminology

FFS:

Fee for Service

GDP:

Gross Domestic Product

IAC:

Intersocietal Accreditation Commission

MIPPA:

Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act

MOC:

Maintenance of Certification

MPPR:

Multiple Procedure Payment Reduction

MQSA:

Mammography Quality Standards Act

P4P:

Pay for Performance

PPACA:

Patient Protection and Accountable Care Act

PQRI:

Physician Quality Reporting Initiative

PQRS:

Physician Quality Reporting System

RBRVS:

Resource Based Relative Value System

RUC:

RVS Update Committee

RVU:

Relative Value Unit

SGR:

Sustainable Growth Rate

TJC:

The Joint Commission

UCR:

Usual Customary, and Reasonable

US:

United States

References

  1. Allen B Jr (2007) Valuing the professional work of diagnostic radiologic services. J Am Coll Radiol 4(2):106–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Allen B, Levin D, Brant-Zawadski M, Lexa F, Duszak R (2011) ACR white paper: strategies for radiologists in the era of health care reform and accountable care organizations. A report from the ACR Future Trends Committee. J Am Coll Radiol 8:309–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Allen B Jr, Donovan WD, McGinty G, Barr RM, Silva E III, Duszak R Jr, Kim AJ, Kassing P (2011) Professional component payment reductions for diagnostic imaging examinations when more than one service is rendered by the same provider in the same session: an analysis of relevant payment policy. J Am Coll Radiol 8(9):610–616, Epub 2011 Jun 29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bogdanich W, McGinty JC (2011) Medicare Claims Show Overuse for CT Scanning. The New York Times, 17 June 2011. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/health/18radiation.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed 21 Oct 2011

  5. Breslau J, Lexa FJ (2011) A radiologist’s primer on accountable care organizations. J Am Coll Radiol 8(3):164–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2010) Medicare program; payment policies under the physician fee schedule and other revisions to Part B for CY 2011: final rule. Fed Regist 75(228):73169–73860

    Google Scholar 

  7. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2011) Medicare program; Medicare Shared Savings Program: Accountable Care Organizations. Final rule. Fed Regist 76(212):67802–67990

    Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2011) Advanced diagnostic imaging accreditation. https://www.cms.gov/MedicareProviderSupEnroll/03_AdvancedDiagnosticImagingAccreditation.asp. Accessed 21 Oct 2011

  9. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2011) Eliminating serious, preventable, and costly medical errors – never events. https://www.cms.gov/apps/media/press/release.asp?Counter=1863. Accessed 21 Oct 2011

  10. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2011) CY 2012 physician fee schedule final rule with comment period. Available at https://www.cms.gov/physicianfeesched/. Accessed 4 Dec 2011

  11. Centers for Medicare and Medicare Services (2012) Health care innovation challenge. Available at http://innovations.cms.gov/initiatives/innovation-challenge/index.html. Accessed 2 Dec 2012

  12. Congressional Budget Office (2011) The long-term outlook for health care spending. Available at http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/87xx/doc8758/maintext.3.1.shtml. Accessed 19 Oct 2011

  13. Conway PH, Berwick DM (2011) Improving the rules for hospital participation in Medicare and Medicaid. JAMA 306(20):2256–2257, Epub 2011 Oct 18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. de Brantes F, Rosenthal MB, Painter M (2009) Building a bridge from fragmentation to accountability–the Prometheus Payment model. N Engl J Med 361(11):1033–1036, Epub 2009 Aug 19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Donaldson C, Gerard K (1989) Countering moral hazard in public and private health care systems: a review of recent evidence. J Soc Policy 18(2):235–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dorman T (2006) Unsustainable growth rate: physician perspective. Crit Care Med 34(3 Suppl):S78–S81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Duszak R (2009) P4P: pragmatic for practice. J Am Coll Radiol 6:477–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Duszak R, Saunders WM (2010) Medicare’s Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI): incentives, physician work, and perceived impact on patient care. J Am Coll Radiol 7:419–424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Emmert M, Eijkenaar F, Kemter H, Esslinger AS, Schöffski O (2011) Economic evaluation of pay-for-performance in health care: a systematic review. Eur J Health Econ (Epub ahead of print)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Federman AD, Keyhani S (2011) Physicians’ participation in the Physicians’ Quality Reporting Initiative and their perceptions of its impact on quality of care. Health Policy 102(2-3):229–234, Epub 2011 May 31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL (2003) The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care. Ann Intern Med 138(4):288–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Food and Drug Administration (2011) Frequently asked questions about MQSA. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/MammographyQualityStandardsActandProgram/ConsumerInformation/ucm113968.htm. Accessed 1 Dec 2011

  23. Gawande A (2009) The cost conundrum. The New Yorker, 1 June 2009. Available at http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/06/01/090601fa_fact_gawande. Accessed 23 Oct 2011

  24. Halladay JR, Stearns SC, Wroth T, Spragens L, Hofstetter S, Zimmerman S, Sloane PD (2009) Costs to primary care practices of responding to payer requests for quality and performance data. Ann Fam Med 7:495–503

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hsiao WC, Braun P, Becker ER, Thomas SR (1987) The Resource-Based Relative Value Scale. Toward the development of an alternative physician payment system. JAMA 258(6):799–802

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hsiao WC, Braun P, Kelly NL, Becker ER (1988) Results, potential effects, and implementation issues of the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale. JAMA 260(16):2429–2438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hsiao WC, Levy JM (1990) A national study of resource-based relative value scales for physician services: phase II final report. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hussey PS, Ridgely MS, Rosenthal MB (2011) The PROMETHEUS bundled payment experiment: slow start shows problems in implementing new payment models. Health Aff (Millwood) 30(11):2116–2124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Iglehart JK (2009) Health insurers and medical-imaging policy–a work in progress. N Engl J Med 360(10):1030–1037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jackson & Coker Research Associates (2011) Special report: bartering for medical services. Available at http://www.jacksoncoker.com/physician-career-resources/newsletters/monthlymain/des/BarteringforMedicalServices.aspx. Accessed 28 Nov 2011

  31. Jennifer L (2010) The fix is back…but jury-rigged SGR solution still frustrates docs. Mod Healthcare 40(10):10

    Google Scholar 

  32. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS (eds) (2000) To err is human: building a safer health system. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lascher EL, Powers MR (eds) (2001) The economics and politics of choice no-fault insurance. Kluwer, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  34. Levin DC (2006) The 2005 Robert D. Moreton lecture: the inappropriate utilization of imaging through self-referral. J Am Coll Radiol 3(2):90–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. McClellan M, McKethan AN, Lewis JL, Roski J, Fisher ES (2010) A national strategy to put accountable care into practice. Health Aff (Millwood) 29(5):982–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. McDonald CJ, Weiner M, Hui SL (2000) Deaths due to medical errors are exaggerated in Institute of Medicine report. JAMA 284(1):93–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mechanic RE (2011) Opportunities challenges for episode-based payment. N Engl J Med 365(9):777–779, Epub 2011 Aug 24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. National Quality Forum (2007) Serious reportable events in health care 2006 update: a consensus report. National Quality Forum, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  39. Parmenter D (2007) Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  40. Porter ME (2010) What is value in health care? N Engl J Med 363(26):2477–2481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rosenbaum S, Gruber J (2010) Buying health care, the individual mandate, and the Constitution. N Engl J Med 363(5):401–403, Epub 2010 Jun 23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Silva E III (2010) PQRI: from bonus to penalty. J Am Coll Radiol 7(11):835–836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Silva E III (2011) Accreditation and you. J Am Coll Radiol 8(9):600–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Silva E III (2011) MOC for Dollars. J Am Coll Radiol 8(11):746–748

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sigsbee B (1997) Medicare’s resource-based relative value scale, a de facto national fee schedule: its implications and uses for neurologists. Neurology 49(2):315–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Smith SL (2010) Medicare RBRVS 2010: the physicians’ guide. American Medical Association, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sood N, Huckfeldt PJ, Escarce JJ, Grabowski DC, Newhouse JP (2011) Medicare’s bundled payment pilot for acute and postacute care: analysis and recommendations on where to begin. Health Aff (Millwood) 30(9):1708–1717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Steele JR, Reilly JD (2010) Bundled payments: bundled risk or bundled reward? J Am Coll Radiol 7(1):43–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Teufack SG, Campbell P, Jabbour P, Maltenfort M, Evans J, Ratliff JK (2010) Potential financial impact of restriction in “never event” and periprocedural hospital-acquired condition reimbursement at a tertiary neurosurgical center: a single-institution prospective study. J Neurosurg 112(2):249–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Woody IO (2005) The fundamentals of the US Medicare physician reimbursement process. J Am Coll Radiol 2(2):139–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard Duszak Jr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Duszak, R., Silva, E. (2014). From Volume to Outcomes: The Evolution of Pay for Performance in Medical Imaging. In: Lau, L., Ng, KH. (eds) Radiological Safety and Quality. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7256-4_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7256-4_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7255-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7256-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics