Abstract
If gratitude is indeed worthy of study in positive psychology, then research should demonstrate that gratitude is important to the good life. If gratitude amplifies the good, then gratitude should enhance well-being. In this chapter I explore this issue by investigating the relationships between gratitude in three areas of well-being: emotional, social, and physical. Both correlation and experimental studies provide solid support for the theory that gratitude enhances emotional and social well-being. Furthermore, preliminary research offers promising results that gratitude supports various aspects of physical health as well. Taken together, research suggests that gratitude is one of the most important aspects of human flourishing.
Keywords
- Life Satisfaction
- Positive Affect
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Happy People
- Global Happiness
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
I think we delight to praise what we enjoy because the praise not merely expresses but completes the enjoyment; it is its appointed consummation. It is not out of compliment that lovers keep on telling one another how beautiful they are; the delight is incomplete until it is expressed.
–C. S. Lewis (1958, p. 95)
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abel, E. K., & Kruger, M. L. (2010). Smile intensity in photographs predicts longevity. Psychological Science, 21, 542–544.
Adler, M. G., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79–113.
Anderson, N. H. (1968). Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272–279.
Beecher, H. W. (n. d.). Henry Ward Beecher. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from Wisdom Quotes http://www.wisdomquotes.com/002943.html
Chen, L. H., & Kee, Y. H. (2008). Gratitude and adolescent athletes’ well-being. Social Indicators Research, 89, 361–373.
Clark, R. D. (1975). The effects of reinforcement, punishment and dependency on helping behavior. Bulletin of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 596–599.
Comte-Sponville, A. (2002). A small treatise on the great virtues. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Danner, D. D., Snowden, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 804–813.
Deutsch, F. M., & Lamberti, D. M. (1986). Does social approval increase helping? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 149–157.
Diener, E. (2008). Myths in the science of happiness, and directions for future research. In M. Eid & R. J. Larson (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 493–514). New York: Guilford Press.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
Dumas, J. R., Johnson, M., & Lynch, A. M. (2002). Likableness, familiarity, and frequency of 844 person-descriptive words. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 523–531.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An empirical investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.
Fordyce, M. W. (1988). A review of research on the happiness measures: A sixty second index of happiness and mental health. Social Indicators Research, 20, 355–381.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191–220.
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237–258.
Froh, J. J., Bono, G., Emmons, R. A., Wood, A., Henderson, K. A., Fan, J. et al. (under review). Nice thinking! An educational intervention that teaches children how to think gratefully [Special Issue: Theoretical Frameworks in School Psychology Intervention Research: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Future Directions]. School Psychology Review.
Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., Ozimkowski, K. M., & Miller, N. (2009). Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents? Examining positive affect as a moderator. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 408–422.
Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 213–233.
Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescents: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 633–650.
Geraghty, A. W. A., Wood, A. M., & Hyland, M. E. (2010a). Attrition from self-directed interventions: Investigating the relationship between psychological predictors, intervention content and dropout from a body dissatisfaction intervention. Social Science & Medicine, 71, 30–37.
Geraghty, A. W. A., Wood, A. M., & Hyland, M. E. (2010b). Dissociating the facets of hope: Agency and pathways predict dropout from unguided self-help therapy in opposite directions. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 155–158.
Grenier, S. G., Emmons, R. A., & Ivie, S. (2007, August). Gratitude and quality of life in transplant recipients. Presentation to the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
Isen, A. M., Niedenthal, P. M., & Cantor, N. (1992). An influence of positive affect on social categorization. Motivation and Emotion, 16, 65–78.
Isen, A. M., & Shalker, T. E. (1982). The effect of feeling state on evaluation of positive, neutral, and negative stimuli: When you “accentuate the positive”, do you “eliminate the negative”? Social Psychology Quarterly, 45, 58–63.
Isen, A. M., Shalker, T. E., Clark, M., & Karp, L. (1978). Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1–12.
Kendler, K. S., Liu, X.-Q., Gardener, C. O., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 496–503.
Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010, September 22). Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness. Biological Psychology, 85, 432–436.
Krause, N. (2006). Gratitude toward God, stress, and health in late life. Research on Aging, 28, 163–183.
Krause, N. (2007). Self-expression symptoms and depression in late life. Research on Aging, 29, 187–206.
Krause, N. (2009). Religious involvement, gratitude, and change in depressive symptoms over time. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 155–172.
Kuykendall, D., Keating, J. P., & Wagaman, J. (1988). Assessing affective states: A new methodology for some old problems. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 279–294.
Lau, R. W. L., & Cheng, S. (2011). Gratitude lessens death anxiety. European Journal of Ageing, 8, 169–175.
Lewis, C. S. (1958). Reflections on the Psalms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion, 11, 391–402.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.
Martinez-Marti, M. L., Avia, M. D., & Hernandex-Lloreta, M. J. (2010). The effects of counting blessings on subjective well-being: A gratitude intervention in a Spanish sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 886–896.
McCabe, K., Bray, M. A., Kehle, T. J., Theodore, L. A., & Gelbar, N. W. (2011). Promoting happiness and life satisfaction in school children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26, 177–192.
McComb, D., Watkins, P., & Kolts, R. (2004, April). Personality and happiness: The importance of gratitude. Presentation to the 84th annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Phoenix, AZ.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Gratitude as moral affect. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.
McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B., & Cohen, A. D. (2008). An adaptation for altruism? The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 281–285.
McCullough, M. E., & Tsang, J. (2004). Parent of the virtues? The prosocial contours of gratitude. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 123–141). New York: Oxford University Press.
McGovern, L. P., Ditzian, J. L., & Taylor, S. P. (1975). The effect of positive reinforcement on helping with cost. Psychonomic Society Bulletin, 5, 421–423.
Moss, M. K., & Page, R. A. (1972). Reinforcement and helping behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 360–371.
Otey-Scott, S. (2008). A lesson in gratitude: Exploring the salutogenic relationship between gratitude and health. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68(8-B), 5586.
Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Character strengths and happiness among young children: Content analysis of parental descriptions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 323–341.
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603–619.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beerman, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 149–156.
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2011). Positive emotion word use and longevity in famous deceased psychologists. Health Psychology, Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0025339.
Rind, B., & Bordia, P. (1995). Effects of servers “thank you” and personalization on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745–751.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.
Shipon, R. F. (2007). Gratitude: Effect on perspectives and blood pressure of inner-city African American hypertensive patients. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68(3-B), 1977.
Spangler, K., Webber, A., Xiong, I., & Watkins, P. C. (2008, April). Gratitude predicts enhanced happiness. Presentation to the national conference on Undergraduate Research, Salisbury, MD.
Suls, J., Witenberg, S., & Gutkin, D. (1981). Evaluating reciprocal and nonreciprocal prosocial behavior: Developmental trends. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 225–231.
Teasdale, J. D. (1983). Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 3–25.
Thomas, M., & Watkins, P. (2003, May). Measuring the grateful trait: Development of the revised GRAT. Presentation to the 83rd annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Toepfer, S. M., Cichy, K., & Peters, P. (2011). Letters of gratitude: Further evidence for author benefits. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 187–201. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9257-7.
Toussaint, L., & Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 635–654.
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barret, L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1161–1190.
Watkins, P. C., Martin, B. D., & Faulkner, G. (2003, May). Are grateful people happy people? Informant judgments of grateful acquaintances. Presentation to the 83rd annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Watkins, P. C., Neal, M., & Thomas, M. (2004, July). Grateful recall and positive memory bias: Relationship to subjective well-being. Poster presented to the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.
Watkins, P. C., & Ola, D. (2001, August). Gratitude and depression: How a human strength might mitigate human adversity. In R. A. Emmons (Chair), Gratitude and positive emotionality as links between social and clinical science. Symposium presented at the 109th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
Watkins, P. C., Uhder, Y., Pichinevskiy, S., Sparrow, A., Jensen, C., & Pereira, A. (2012, May). Gratitude “Three Blessings” treatment produces improved well-being: The importance of positive memory accessibility. Poster presented at the annual convention for the Association of Psychological Science, Chicago.
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431–452.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890–905.
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Lloyd, J., & Atkins, S. (2008). Gratitude influences sleep through the mechanism of pre-sleep cognitions. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 43–48.
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 49–54.
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854–871.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Watkins, P.C. (2014). What Good Is Gratitude?. In: Gratitude and the Good Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7253-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7253-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7252-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7253-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)