Abstract
External cladding of buildings in modern architecture has the important function of protection against weathering. Aesthetic requirements with needs related to the durability of the different elements require that building’s veneers act like skins undergoing mechanical, chemical, thermal, and hygrometric stress related to human activity, the quality of the air, and weathering.
Following modern structural design rules and technologies installation procedures and design assumptions are presented, mainly, to the dowel anchorage, the undercut anchorage technology and to the kerf anchorage system.
Attention is called to the state of art as far as façades stone cladding is concerned which is not updated according to the recent evolution verified for the “man-made” materials design approaches. This way attention is paid to the fact that the time has come to move forward in step with “new” design and calculation methods that efficiently and safely meet the needs that must be overcome by the natural stone sector.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Nacheman RJ (2006) The empire state building – façade evaluation and repair of an engineering landmark. Structure. C3 Ink, Wisconsin
Loughran P (2007) Failed stone. Birkhäuser, Boston
Hugues T, Steiger L, Weber J (2005) Dressed stone: types of stone, details, examples. Edition Detail
Lewis MD (1995) Modern stone cladding: design and installation of exterior dimension stone systems, vol MNL 21, ASTM manual series. ASTM, Philadelphia
Camposinhos RS, Lello JC (2010) Prestressed façade stone panels. In: Odasi E-TMM (ed) 7th International marble and natural stone congress of Turkey, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, 2010. Ekim-2010 TMMOB Maden Muhendisleri Odasi, Ankara, pp 49–54
Camposinhos RS, Amaral P (2007) Caderno técnico de aplicação, uso e manutenção de rochas ornamentais. Assimagra, Lisboa
Rousseau MZ, Poirier GF, Brown WC (1998) Pressure equalization in rainscreen wall systems. Construction technology updates, vol 17. Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa
ASTM – American Society for Testing Materials (2010) Standard guide for selection, design, and installation of dimension stone attachment systems, vol ASTM C1242 – 10. American Standard of Testing Materials, West Conshohocken
ASTM – American Society for Testing Materials (2010) Standard guide for selection of dimension stone for exterior use, vol ASTM C1528 – 10. American Standard of Testing Materials, West Conshohocken
AFNOR (2000) Travaux de bâtiment – Revêtements muraux attachés en pierre mince. Partie 1 : cahier des clauses techniques, vol NF P 65-202-1. CSTB, Paris
British Standards Institute (2010) Code of practice for the design and installation of natural stone cladding and lining. Traditional handset external cladding, vol BS 8298–2:2010. BSI, London
Beall C (1990) Selecting a safety factor for stone. Aberdeen Group, Boston
Camposinhos RS (2012) Dimension stone design – partial safety factors: a reliability based approach. Proc ICE Construct Mater 165(3):145–159. doi:10.1680/coma.10.8
Faddy MJ, Wilson RJ, Winter GM (2003) The determination of the design strength of granite used as external cladding for buildings. Case studies in reliability and maintenance. Wiley, St. Lucia
Camposinhos RS, Camposinhos RPA (2009) Dimension-stone cladding design with dowel anchorage. Proc ICE Construct Mater 162(3):95–104. doi:10.1680/coma.2009.162.3.95
RdS C (2012) Undercut anchorage in dimension stone cladding. Proc ICE Construct Mater 3:161–175. doi:10.1680/coma.11.00050
Camposinhos RS, Camposinhos RPA (2012) Dimension stone design – kerf anchorage in limestone and marble. Proc ICE Construct Mater 165(3):161–175. doi:101.1680/coma.2009.162.3.95
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sousa Camposinhos, R.d. (2014). Cladding with Stone: Introduction. In: Stone Cladding Engineering. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6848-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6848-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6847-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6848-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)