Impact of Land-Use Change on Flooding Patterns

Abstract

Recent unplanned and rapid urbanisation of Dhaka has a possibility to induce serious urban flooding in the near future. To evaluate the impacts of land-use changes on flood propagation patterns, we conducted flood inundation simulations using a two-dimensional finite element method with simplified Saint Venant equations. We used as a study site the mid-eastern part of the city of Dhaka, popularly known as “mid-eastern Dhaka”. Two different land-cover datasets were prepared—one showing land use in 1990 and the other for 2011. In addition, complete land-cover change scenarios were also considered. As for the boundary conditions for flood simulations, we first estimated river discharge by constructing a kind of conceptual hydrologic model called a tank model, since we only have water-level data with daily time resolution at the Balu River mouth. Changes in inundation areas, related to these different land-cover patterns, were then evaluated. The study shows that although no significant difference was detected between the results for land use in 1990 and in 2011, under the complete land-use conversion scenarios, with all wetlands converted to other uses, both flood propagation time and flooding area will significantly change. Thus, the simulation results prove that the presence of wetland in land cover reduces flood risk, as compared with other land use. While further validations of flood simulation results are required, our results may provide data useful for proper flood management in achieving urban sustainability.