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Effect of Antioxidant-rich Foods and Supplements on Cancer Risk

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Cancer Chemoprevention and Treatment by Diet Therapy

Part of the book series: Evidence-based Anticancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine ((ACAM,volume 5))

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Abstract

Diet and health have been linked throughout the centuries. Which components of the diet are responsible for health is not clear. Using epidemiological studies, case control, and cohort studies, potential nutrients have been identified which may act to promote health. Early studies identified yellow green vegetables and fruits associated with less cancer in populations which consumed more of these foods. Antioxidants are a class of nutrients that have been identified through these types of studies and theoretically their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species caused by cellular stress may lead to less DNA damage, mutagenesis, and cancer. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) stringently test the hypothesis that adding antioxidants to a well nourished or over-nourished populace do not demonstrate the desired reduction in cancer or mortality in most studies. To illustrate the difficulty in translating epidemiological associations to successful RCTs, one of the first nutrients identified with fewer cancers, β-carotene, will be reviewed as the compound that initially identified as a potential anticancer agent and subsequently shown in RCTs to increase the risk of cancer. In addition, attempts to prevent prostate cancer with supplements will be evaluated. Review of the laboratory evidence and human studies will be performed and the discrepancies in results in RCTs are discussed. These discrepancies may be due to the baseline nutritional status of the populace, lifestyle factors such as smoking, as well as the status of the organ of interest in addition to the type and amount of agent.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Rt. 81 Bldg. 55 Rm. 302, Orange, CA, 92868, USA

    Xiaolin Zi

  2. Department of Urology, University of California, VA Medical Center, 5901 East 7th Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA

    Anne R. Simoneau

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  1. Xiaolin Zi
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  2. Anne R. Simoneau
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Correspondence to Xiaolin Zi .

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  1. Dept. Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gascoigne Road 30, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR

    William C.S. Cho

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Zi, X., Simoneau, A.R. (2013). Effect of Antioxidant-rich Foods and Supplements on Cancer Risk. In: Cho, W. (eds) Cancer Chemoprevention and Treatment by Diet Therapy. Evidence-based Anticancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6443-9_7

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