Abstract
Capsaicin has been shown to induce apoptosis in various transformed cell types in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis is triggered by an induction phase that is highly dependent on cell type and apoptogenic stimuli (e.g., death receptors, oxidative stress, DNA damage, ion fluctuations, and cytokines). This is followed by an effector phase where the cell undergo distinct biochemical changes as results of intrinsic mitochondrial-dependent and/or extrinsic death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways. Depending on the concentration, duration of exposure and route of administration, CPS may either induce apoptosis in different cell types in a TRPV1-dependent and independent manner. It is generally accepted that CPS-mediated apoptosis is manifested by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, elevations in [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial transmembrane potential dissipation. However recent reports, indicate the ability of CPS to induce also up-regulation of Fas/CD95, TRAIL-R1/DR4, TRAIL-R2/DR5 and TNF-R1/DR1 death receptor expression, Fas Ligand-independent Fas-dependent TRPV1-mediated apoptosis of cancer cells, or to sensitize tumor cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms that underlie the CPS-induced targeting of death receptor in tumor cells and the death intracellular pathways activated by capsaicin, could provide the basis for novel therapeutic strategies in cancer patients.
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- [Ca2+]i :
-
Intracellular free Ca2+
- AEA:
-
Anandamide
- AFT3:
-
Activating transcription factor 3
- AKT:
-
V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein 1
- APRIL:
-
A PRoliferation Inducing Ligand
- ATM:
-
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BAFF:
-
B-cell activating factor (BAFF)
- BAX:
-
The Bcl-2–associated X protein
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- Bcl-XL :
-
Bcl-2-like protein 1
- Bid:
-
BH3 interacting domain death agonist
- C/EBPβ:
-
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β
- CaM:
-
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein
- CFLAR:
-
CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator
- CHOP:
-
C/EBP homology protein
- COXs:
-
Cyclooxygenases
- CPS:
-
Capsaicin
- c-Src:
-
Sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog
- CyT C:
-
Cytochrome C
- DAXX:
-
Death Associated Protein
- DD:
-
Death domain
- DED:
-
Death effector domain
- DISC:
-
Death-inducing signaling complex
- DR:
-
Death receptors
- DRG:
-
Dorsal root ganglion
- EDAR:
-
Ectodysplasin A receptor
- FADD:
-
Fas-associated death domain
- FAF1:
-
Fas-associated factor 1
- FAF-1:
-
FAS-associated factor 1
- FAP-1:
-
Fas-associated phosphatase 1
- FASL:
-
FAS ligand
- FASL:
-
Fas ligand
- FLASH:
-
FLICE - associated huge protein
- FLICE:
-
FADD-like interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme
- FLIP:
-
FLICE inhibitory protein
- GADD153:
-
DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3
- GADD45:
-
DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha
- GRP78:
-
78 kDa glucose-regulated protein
- GSK3β:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HER:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor
- IAP:
-
Inhibitors of Apoptosis
- IKK:
-
IκB kinase inhibitor
- IRE 1:
-
Internal ribosome entry site
- IκB:
-
Inhibitor of NF-κB
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activating protein kinase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen activated Protein Kinase
- MDM2:
-
Murine double minute protein
- MYC:
-
Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog
- NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAG1:
-
Growth differentiation factor 15
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF:
-
Nerve Growth Factor
- PIP2:
-
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- PMOR:
-
Plasma membrane oxidoreductase
- RANK:
-
Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor κ B Ligand
- RIP:
-
Receptor interacting protein
- RIP:
-
Receptor-interacting protein
- RIPK2:
-
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RTX:
-
Resinferatoxin
- STAT 3:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TNFRs:
-
TNF receptors
- TRADD:
-
TNFR-associated death domain
- TRAF:
-
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors
- TRAFs:
-
TNF receptor associate factors
- TRAIL:
-
TNF related apoptosis induced ligand
- TRP:
-
Transient receptor potential
- TRPV1:
-
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1
- UC:
-
Urothelial cancer
- WAF-1:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1
- ΔΨ(m):
-
Mitochondrial membrane potential
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Santoni, G., Caprodossi, S., Farfariello, V., Liberati, S., Amantini, C. (2013). Role of Death Receptors Belonging to the TNF Family in Capsaicin-Induced Apoptosis of Tumor Cells. In: Srivastava, S. (eds) Role of Capsaicin in Oxidative Stress and Cancer. Diet and Cancer, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6317-3_2
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