Abstract
Reactive compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends by in situ copolymer formation is reviewed using approximately 1,100 examples taken from both journal articles and patents. Selected references in English through approximately 2013 to early 2014 are included. Important chemical reactions are illustrated which are useful for copolymer formation across a melt-phase boundary during melt processing of the immiscible blends. Focus is on irreversible chemical reactions taking place within typical extrusion residence times for polymer processing. Examples of block, graft, cross-linked, and degradative copolymer formation are shown. The illustrated chemical reactions and processes are also generally useful for compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends either not illustrated or not yet conceived.
Formerly with Polymer Materials Laboratory, General Electric Co. Global Research Center, Schenectady, New York 12309
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Abbreviations
- AA
-
Acrylic acid
- ABS
-
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer
- AES
-
Terpolymer from acrylonitrile, ethylene-propylene elastomer and styrene
- AFM
-
Atomic force microscopy
- AN
-
Acrylonitrile
- ASA
-
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate terpolymer
- ATRP
-
Atom transfer radical polymerization
- B
-
Butadiene
- BA
-
n-Butyl acrylate
- tBA
-
t-Butyl acrylate
- BPA
-
Bisphenol A
- CHP
-
Cumene hydroperoxide
- CL
-
Caprolactone
- DBP
-
Dibenzoyl peroxide
- DCP
-
Dicumyl peroxide
- DEM
-
Diethylmaleate
- DMA
-
Dynamic mechanical analysis
- DMTA
-
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
- DSC
-
Differential scanning calorimetry
- E
-
Ethylene
- EA
-
Ethylacrylate
- EAA
-
Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer
- EB
-
Ethylene-butene copolymer
- EBA
-
Ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
- EDXA
-
Energy dispersive X-ray analysis
- EEA
-
Ethylene ethylacrylate copolymer
- EELS
-
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
- E-GMA
-
Ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
- EMA
-
Ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer
- EMAA
-
Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer
- EMAc
-
Ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer
- EMM
-
Ethylene methyl methacrylate copolymer
- ENR
-
Epoxidized natural rubber
- EP
-
Ethylene-propylene copolymer
- EPDM
-
Ethylene-propylene-diene modified rubber
- ESCA
-
Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
- ETFE
-
Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- EVAc
-
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
- EVAl
-
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer
- -f-
-
Functionalized (or functionalized with)
- FA
-
Fumaric acid
- FESEM
-
Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- FTIR
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- GMA
-
Glycidyl methacrylate
- GPC
-
Gel permeation chromatography
- HDPE
-
High density polyethylene
- HDT
-
Heat distortion temperature
- HIPS
-
High-impact polystyrene
- I
-
Isoprene
- IA
-
Isobutyl acrylate
- IM
-
Impact modifier
- IPO
-
Isopropenyl oxazoline
- IV
-
Intrinsic viscosity
- L101
-
Luperox® 101 (2,5-di-(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane)
- L130
-
Luperox® 130 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(t-butylperoxy) hexyne-3)
- LCP
-
Liquid crystalline polymer(s) (polyester-type unless noted)
- LDPE
-
Low-density polyethylene
- LLDPE
-
Linear low-density polyethylene
- MA
-
Maleic anhydride
- MAA
-
Methacrylic acid
- MAc
-
Methyl acrylate
- MALDI
-
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
- MDPE
-
Medium density polyethylene
- MFI
-
Melt flow index
- MFR
-
Melt flow rate
- MMA
-
Methyl methacrylate
- MS
-
Mass spectrometry
- MW
-
Molecular weight
- MWD
-
Molecular weight distribution
- NA
-
Nadic anhydride
- NBR
-
Nitrile-butadiene rubber
- NMR
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- NR
-
Natural rubber
- PA
-
Polyamide(s)
- PB
-
Polybutadiene
- PBN
-
Polybutylene naphthalate
- PBT
-
Polybutylene terephthalate(s)
- PC
-
Bisphenol A polycarbonate
- PCE
-
Polycarbonate ester copolymer
- PCL
-
Polycaprolactone
- PCT
-
Poly(cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate)
- PDMS
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- PE
-
Polyethylene
- PE-g-MA
-
Maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene
- PEEK
-
Polyetheretherketone
- PEG
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PEI
-
Polyetherimide
- PEN
-
Polyethylene naphthalate
- P-E-P
-
Propylene-ethylene-propylene block copolymer
- PES
-
Polyethersulfone
- PEST
-
Polyester(s)
- PET
-
Polyethylene terephthalate(s)
- PETG
-
Polyethylene terephthalate glycol modified (glycol is typically cyclohexanedimethanol)
- Phenoxy
-
Copolymer of BPA and epichlorohydrin
- Phr
-
Parts per 100 parts resin
- PLA
-
Poly(lactic acid)
- PMMA
-
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
- PMP
-
Poly-4-methylpentene-1
- PO
-
Polyolefin(s)
- PP
-
Polypropylene
- PPE
-
Polyphenylene ether(s)
- PPS
-
Polyphenylene sulfide
- PPVL
-
Polypivalolactone
- PS
-
Polystyrene
- PTFE
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- PTT
-
Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
- PVAc
-
Polyvinyl acetate
- PVAl
-
Polyvinyl alcohol
- PVC
-
Polyvinylchloride
- PVDF
-
Polyvinylidene difluoride
- RI
-
Radical initiator
- S
-
Styrene
- SAA
-
Styrene-acrylic acid copolymer
- SALS
-
Small-angle light scattering
- SAN
-
Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
- SAXS
-
Small-angle X-ray scattering
- SB
-
Styrene-butadiene copolymer
- SBS
-
Styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer
- SEBS
-
Styrene-(ethylene/butylene)-styrene copolymer
- SEC
-
Size-exclusion chromatography
- SEM
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SEP
-
Styrene (ethylene-propylene) block copolymer
- SI
-
Styrene-isoprene copolymer
- S-IPO
-
Styrene-isopropenyl oxazoline copolymer
- SIS
-
Styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer
- SMA
-
Styrene-co-maleic anhydride copolymer
- sPS
-
Syndiotactic polystyrene
- SSE
-
Single-screw extruder
- Tg
-
Glass transition temperature
- Tm
-
Melting temperature
- TAIC
-
Triallyl isocyanurate
- TBAB
-
Tetrabutylammonium bromide
- TEM
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- TGA
-
Thermogravimetric analysis
- TPE
-
Thermoplastic elastomer
- TPP
-
Triphenyl phosphate
- TPPite
-
Triphenyl phosphite
- TPU
-
Thermoplastic polyurethane
- TSE
-
Twin-screw extruder
- UHMWPE
-
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
- ULDPE
-
Ultra low-density polyethylene
- UV
-
Ultraviolet
- VLDPE
-
Very-low-density polyethylene
- VTMS
-
Vinyl trimethoxysilane
- WAXD
-
Wide-angle X-ray diffraction
- WAXS
-
Wide-angle X-ray scattering
- XPS
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- ZnSt
-
Zinc stearate
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Brown, S.B. (2014). Reactive Compatibilization. In: Utracki, L., Wilkie, C. (eds) Polymer Blends Handbook. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6_7
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Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-6063-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-6064-6
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