Skip to main content

The (De)composition of Event Predicates

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy ((SLAP,volume 93))

Abstract

This chapter offers an overview of the advancements made in the semantic theory of events and introduces its central notions and current issues to serve as background information relevant for the contributions included in the volume. It is structured around two main axes: compositional and decompositional approaches to the semantics of event predicates. We argue that, while composition and decomposition are at times treated as two competing ways to deal with the semantics of event predicates, they can actually be seen as two sides of the same coin, as essential parts of the subatomic semantics of event predicates. Along with these two axes, we address how adverbial modification served as modification for event semantics as well as its use as diagnostics for the structural complexity or for particular properties of eventualities, such as (a)telicity or scalarity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    It is common to distinguish between two different notions of aspect, grammatical aspect (viewpoint aspect, e.g. (im)perfective or aspectual meanings associated with progressive and perfect tenses) vs. lexical (predicational) aspect (also Aktionsart), associated with (a)telicity. While the notion of aspect here deals with viewpoint aspect, in the remainder of this introduction we will mainly be concerned with lexical aspect.

  2. 2.

    Since Vendler, more tests have been proposed to distinguish between different classes of event predicates and in particular to distinguish telic from atelic predicates, such as the compatibility with certain degree modifiers, the potential for ambiguity with modifiers like almost, again, among others. Many of the diagnostics taken in isolation, including the two tests mentioned here, are problematic. In Sect. 1.2.4, we will come back to this issue.

  3. 3.

    See also Kratzer (1995), who proposes that only stage level but not individual level predicates, in the sense of Carlson (1977), contain an event argument in their argument structure.

  4. 4.

    An event predicate has the subinterval property if when it holds of a temporal interval, then it also holds of all the parts of this interval (perhaps to the exclusion of those reaching the atomic level of the event predicate in question). Predicates with the subinterval property are atelic.

  5. 5.

    Verkuyl dubs this the Plus Principle. Following the order of composition of the verb and its arguments, he furthermore observes an asymmetry between the arguments, in the sense that the quantificational properties of the internal argument are to be taken into account first. He postulates a higher aspectual level, at which external arguments participate in the calculation of telicity, so that a −sqa external argument leads to an atelic interpretation at this higher level (e.g. Children ate the cake for an hour). In the remainder of this section, we will abstract away from the role of the external argument by only using definite singular noun phrases, in order to flesh out the contribution of VP-internal material.

  6. 6.

    This difference follows from analyses of the progressive that build volitionality or intentionality into its semantics: one can intentionally arrive somewhere but one cannot intentionally find something (see Portner 2011 for a summary of different approaches to the semantics of the progressive). Furthermore, if no control by an agent is taken as one of the defining features of achievements (e.g. in Dowty 1979), the predicate in (10a) should not count as an achievement, although it is commonly assumed to be one, since an arrival takes place instantaneously.

  7. 7.

    Thus, this treatment of the ambiguity as a structural rather than a lexical one is essentially along the lines of that of the ambiguity with again and other modifiers discussed in the beginning of this section.

  8. 8.

    Rawlins notes that states do not allow for adverbs of space and time altogether (with or without measure phrase modifiers) and suggests that this can be explained under an analysis like Katz’s (2003), though he remains agnostic as to the question whether or not states are associated with an event argument.

  9. 9.

    A third hypothesis, the Complete VP Hypothesis, is introduced at a later point but we will ignore it here, since in the conclusion it turns out to be incorrect and overall less relevant.

References

  • Arsenijević, Boban. 2006. Inner aspect and telicity. Utrecht: LOT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, Emmon. 1981. On time, tense and aspect: An essay in English metaphysics. In Radical pragmatics, ed. Peter Cole, 63–81. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, Emmon. 1986. The algebra of events. Linguistics and Philosophy 9: 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beavers, John. 2008. Scalar complexity and the structure of events. In Event structures in linguistic form and interpretation, ed. Johannes Dölling, Tatjana Heyde-Zybatow, and Martin Schäfer, 245–268. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, Sigrid. 2005. There and back again: A semantic analysis. Journal of Semantics 22: 3–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, Sigrid, and William Snyder. 2001. The resultative parameter and restitutive again. In Audiatur Vox Sapientiae: A Festschrift for Arnim von Stechow, ed. Caroline Féry and Wolfgang Sternefeld, 48–69. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Michael, and Partee, Barbara. 1972. Toward the logic of tense and aspect in English. Report for the System Development Corporation, Santa Monica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolinger, Dwight. 1972. Degree words. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borer, Hagit. 2005. Structuring sense, The normal course of events, vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bott, Oliver. 2008. The processing of events. Ph.D. dissertation, Tübingen University, Tübingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, Jonathan, and Liina Pylkkänen. 2008. Processing events: Behavioral and neuromagnetic correlates of aspectual coercion. Brain and Language 106(2): 132–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, Gregory N. 1977. Reference to kinds in English. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caudal, Patrick, and David Nicolas. 2005. Types of degrees and types of event structures. In Event arguments: Foundations and applications, ed. Claudia Maienborn and Angelika Wöllstein, 277–300. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, Max. 1977. Adverbs of space and time. In Formal semantics and pragmatics for natural languages, ed. F. Guenthner and Siegfried J. Schmidt, 171–199. Dordrecht: Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, Donald. 1967. The logical form of action sentences. In The logic of decision and action, ed. Nicholas Resher, 81–95. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowty, David. 1979. Word meaning and Montague grammar: The semantics of verbs and times in generative semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Dordrecht: Reidel.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67(3): 547–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fábregas, Antonio. 2007. The exhaustive lexicalisation principle. Nordlyd Tromsø Working Paper on Language and Linguistics 34(2): 165–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folli, Raffaella. 2002. Constructing telicity in English and Italian. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folli, Raffaella, and Gillian Ramchand. 2005. Prepositions and results in Italian and English: An analysis from event decomposition. In Perspectives on aspect, ed. Henk Verkuyl, Henriëtte de Swart, and Angeliek van Hout, 81–105. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, Vivienne. 1997. The order of things: What directional locatives denote. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehrke, Berit. 2008. Ps in motion: On the semantics and syntax of P elements and motion events. Utrecht: LOT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gennari, Silvia, and David Poeppel. 2003. Processing correlates of lexical semantic complexity. Cognition 89(1): 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm, Fritz, and Michiel van Lambalgen. 2005. The proper treatment of events. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, Heidi. 2005. How do verbs get their names? Denominal verbs, manner incorporation and the ontology of verb roots in English. In The syntax of aspect: Deriving thematic and aspectual interpretation, ed. Nomi Erteschik-Shir and Tova Rapoport, 42–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, Jennifer, Chris Kennedy, and Beth Levin. 1999. Scalar structure underlies telicity in ‘degree achievements’. In Proceedings of SALT IX, ed. Tanya Matthews and Dan Strolovitch, 127–144. Ithaca: CLC Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginbotham, James. 1985. On semantics. Linguistic Inquiry 16: 547–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginbotham, James. 2000. On events in linguistic semantics. In Speaking of events, ed. James Higginbotham, Fabio Pianesi, and Achille Varzi, 49–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hout, Angeliek. 2001. Event semantics in the lexicon-syntax interface. In Events as grammatical objects, ed. Carol Tenny and James Pustejovsky, 239–282. Stanford: CSLI Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hout, Angeliek. 2008. Acquisition of perfective and imperfective aspect in Dutch, Italian and Polish. Lingua 118(11): 1740–1765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackendoff, Ray. 1996. The proper treatment of measuring out, telicity, and perhaps even quantification in English. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14: 305–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jäger, Gerhard, and Reinhard Blutner. 2003. Competition and interpretation: The German adverb wieder (‘again’). In Modifying adjuncts, ed. Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn, and Catherine Fabricius-Hansen, 393–416. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, Hans, and Uwe Reyle. 1993. From discourse to logic: Introduction to model-theoretic semantics of natural language, formal logic and discourse representation theory. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, Graham. 2003. Event argument, adverb selection, and the stative adverb gap. In Modifying adjuncts, ed. Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn, and Catherine Fabricius-Hansen, 455–474. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, Graham. 2008. Manner modification of state verbs. In Adjectives and adverbs in semantics and discourse, ed. Louise McNally and Christopher Kennedy, 220–284. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearns, Kate. 2007. Telic senses of deadjectival verbs. Lingua 117: 26–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Christopher. 1999. Projecting the adjective: The syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison. New York: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Christopher. 2012. The composition of incremental change. In Telicity, change, and state: A cross-categorial view of event structure, ed. Violeta Demonte and Louise McNally, 103–121. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Christopher, and Beth Levin. 2008. Measure of change: The adjectival core of verbs of variable telicity. In Adjectives and adverbs in semantics and discourse, ed. Louise McNally and Christopher Kennedy, 156–182. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, Christopher, and Louise McNally. 2005. Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantic typology of gradable predicates. Language 81: 345–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kratzer, Angelika. 1995. Stage-level and individual-level predicates. In The generic book, ed. Gregory N. Carlson and Francis J. Pelletier, 125–175. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratzer, Angelika. 2004. Telicity and the meaning of objective case. In The syntax of time, ed. Jacqueline Guéron and Jacqueline Lecarme, 389–424. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratzer, Angelika. 2005. Building resultatives. In Event arguments: Foundations and applications, ed. Claudia Maienborn and Angelika Wöllstein, 177–212. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krifka, Manfred. 1989. Nominal reference, temporal constitution and quantification in event semantics. In Semantics and contextual expression, ed. Johan van Benthem, Renate Bartsch, and Peter van Emde Boas, 75–115. Dordrecht: Foris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krifka, Manfred. 1998. The origins of telicity. In Events and grammar, ed. Susan Rothstein, 197–235. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lasersohn, Peter. 1990. A semantics for groups and events. New York: Garland Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, Beth, and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1991. Wiping the slate clean: A lexical semantic exploration. Cognition 41: 123–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, Beth, and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 2006. Constraints on the complexity of verb meaning and VP structure. In Between 40 and 60 puzzled for Krifka, ed. Hans-Martin Gärtner, Regine Eckardt, Renate Musan, and Barbara Stiebels. http://www.zas.gwz-berlin.de/fileadmin/material/40-60-puzzles-for-krifka/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maienborn, Claudia. 2005. On the limits of the Davidsonian approach: The case of copula sentences. Theoretical Linguistics 31(3): 275–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mateu, Jaume, and Gemma Rigau. 2002. A minimalist account of conflation processes: Parametric variation at the lexicon-syntax interface. In Theoretical approaches to universals, ed. Artemis Alexiadou, 211–236. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, Andrew. 2004. Event paths, conflation, argument structure and VP shells. Linguistics 42(3): 523–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKoon, Gail, and Talke Macfarland. 2000. Externally and internally caused change of state verbs. Language 76(4): 833–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKoon, Gail, and Talke Macfarland. 2002. Event templates in the lexical representations of verbs. Cognitive Psychology 45(1): 1–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ter Meulen, Alice G.B. 1995. Representing time in natural language. The dynamic interpretation of tense and aspect. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittwoch, Anita. 1971. Optional and obligatory verbal complements in English. Ph.D. dissertation, SOAS, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittwoch, Anita. 2005. Do states have Davidsonian arguments? Some empirical considerations. In Event arguments: Foundations and applications, ed. Claudia Maienborn and Angelika Wöllstein, 69–88. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mobayyen, Forouzan, and Roberto G. de Almeida. 2005. The influence of semantic and morphological complexity of verbs on sentence recall: Implications for the nature of conceptual representation and category-specific deficits. Brain and Cognition 57(2): 168–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moens, Marc, and Mark Steedman. 1988. Temporal ontology and temporal reference. Computational Linguistics 14(2): 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, Terence. 1990. Events in the semantics of English: A study in subatomic semantics, Current studies in linguistics series 19. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piñango, Maria M., Jennifer Mack, and Ray Jackendoff. 2006. Semantic combinatorial processes in argument structure: Evidence from light-verbs. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (=BLS), Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piñón, Christopher. 2005. Adverbs of completion in an event semantics. In Perspectives on aspect, ed. Henk Verkuyl, Henriëtte de Swart, and Angeliek van Hout, 146–166. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piñón, Christopher. 2008. Aspectual composition with degrees. In Adjectives and adverbs in semantics and discourse, ed. Louise McNally and Christopher Kennedy, 183–219. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portner, Paul. 2011. Perfect and progressive. In Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning, vol. 2, ed. Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn, and Paul Portner, 1217–1261. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pustejovsky, James. 1991. The syntax of event structure. Cognition 41: 47–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pustejovsky, James. 1995. The generative lexicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramchand, Gillian. 1997. Aspect and predication. Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramchand, Gillian. 2008. Verb meaning and the lexicon: A first phase syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, Irene, and Arnim von Stechow. 1999. ‘Almost’ and the visibility parameter for functional adverbs. Journal of Semantics 16: 149–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport Hovav, Malka, and Beth Levin. 2010. Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In Lexical semantics, syntax, and event structure, ed. Malka Rappaport Hovav, Edit Doron, and Ivy Sichel, 21–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of symbolic logic. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, Susan. 2004. Structuring events: A study in the semantics of lexical aspect. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rotstein, Carmen, and Yoad Winter. 2004. Total adjectives vs. partial adjectives: Scale structure and higher-order modification. Natural Language Semantics 12: 259–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassoon, Galit Weidman. 2010. The degree functions of negative adjectives. Natural Language Semantics 18: 141–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slabakova, Roumyana. 2001. Telicity in the second language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Carlota S. 1991. The parameters of aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, William. 2001. On the nature of syntactic variation: Evidence from complex predicates and complex word-formation. Language 77(2): 324–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, William. 2012. Parameter theory and motion predicates. In Telicity, change, and state: A cross-categorial view of event structure, ed. Violeta Demonte and Louise McNally, 279–299. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Son, Minjeong, and Peter Svenonius. 2008. Microparameters of cross-linguistic variation: Directed motion and resultatives. In Proceedings of WCCFL 27, ed. Natasha Abner and Jason Bishop, 388–396. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Stechow, Arnim. 1984. Comparing semantic theories of comparison. Journal of Semantics 3: 1–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Stechow, Arnim. 1995. Lexical decomposition in syntax. In Lexical knowledge in the organisation of language, ed. Urs Egli, Peter E. Pause, Christoph Schwarze, Arnim von Stechow, and Götz Wienold, 81–177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Stechow, Arnim. 1996. The different readings of wieder ‘again’: A structural account. Journal of Semantics 13: 87–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Stechow, Arnim. 2003. How are results represented? Remarks on Jäger and Blutner’s anti-decomposition. In Modifying adjuncts, ed. Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn, and Catherine Fabricius-Hansen, 417–451. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Swart, Henriëtte. 1998. Aspect shift and coercion. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16: 347–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talmy, Leonard. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In Language typology and syntactic descriptions III: Grammatical categories and the lexicon, ed. Timothy Shopen, 57–149. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenny, Carol. 1987. Grammaticalizing aspect and affectedness. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenny, Carol. 1994. Aspectual roles and the syntax-semantics interface. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Traxler, Matthew J., Brian McElree, Rihana S. Williams, and Martin J. Pickering. 2005. Context effects in coercion: Evidence from eye movement. Journal of Memory and Language 53: 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vendler, Zeno. 1957. Verbs and times. Philosophical Review 56: 143–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verkuyl, Henk. 1972. On the compositional nature of the aspects, Foundations of language supplement series 15. Dordrecht: Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkuyl, Henk. 1993. A theory of aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Verkuyl, Henk. 2000. Events as dividuals: Aspectual composition and event semantics. In Speaking of events, ed. James Higginbotham, Fabrizio Pianesi, and Achille C. Varzi, 169–206. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubizarreta, María Luisa, and Eunjeong Oh. 2007. On the syntactic composition of manner and motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucchi, Sandro, and Michael White. 2001. Twigs, sequences and the temporal constitution of predicates. Linguistics and Philosophy 24: 223–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwarts, Joost. 2005. Prepositional aspect and the algebra of paths. Linguistics and Philosophy 28(6): 739–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwarts, Joost. 2006. Event shape: Paths in the semantics of verbs. Nijmegen: Ms. Radboud University Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We owe special thanks to Henriëtte de Swart for comments on an earlier version of this introduction, which led to major improvements. We also thank the audience of the workshop that initiated the work on this volume. This volume would not be the same without our external reviewers Olga Borik, Jonathan Brennan, Regine Eckardt, Nino Grillo, Jaume Mateu and Louise McNally. Our work on this book was supported by the following grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation: ‘Natural language ontology and the semantic representation of abstract objects’ (FFI2010-15006, Louise McNally), JCI-2008-2699 & RYC-2011-08771 (Boban Arsenijević), and JCI-2010-08581 (Berit Gehrke).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Boban Arsenijević .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Arsenijević, B., Gehrke, B., Marín, R. (2013). The (De)composition of Event Predicates. In: Arsenijević, B., Gehrke, B., Marín, R. (eds) Studies in the Composition and Decomposition of Event Predicates. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, vol 93. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5983-1_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics