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Proteins of the Nucleolus pp 39–78Cite as

rDNA and Nucleologenesis in Drosophila

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Abstract

The study of Drosophila ribosomal DNA (rDNA) dates back to the first bobbed mutations discovered by T.H. Morgan’s group nearly 100 years ago. From these earliest discoveries to the current day, Drosophila has proven to be a valuable system to study the genetic, molecular, and cellular aspects of rDNA in ribosome biogenesis. Our goal in writing this review was to describe the various aspects Drosophila rDNA, but within a historical context. We describe Drosophila nucleolar organizers and their flanking heterochromatin, how intergenic regions function in X-Y chromosome pairing, the fundamentals of Drosophila rDNA magnification and compensation, the fascinating biology of R1 and R2 retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition, and the latest work on how rDNA acts as an epigenetic regulator of genome-wide gene expression in Drosophila. Expression of the rDNA itself is the driving mechanism in nucleologenesis (the formation of nucleoli), and we describe how Drosophila has contributed to our understanding of nucleologenesis. With the nucleolus now considered an important stress sensor within the cell, Drosophila will likely provide new insights into cell homeostasis as regulated by the nucleolus.

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Abbreviations

bb :

Bobbed

CAT:

Chloramphenicol acetytransferase

CTCF:

CCCTC-binding factor

DFC:

Dense fibrillar component

ECC:

Extrachromosomal circular copies

ETS:

External transcribed spacer

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

HSF:

Heat shock factor

IGS:

Intergenic spacer regions

IRES:

Internal ribosome entry site

ITS1 and 2:

Internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2

Kb:

Kilobase

MNM:

Modifier of Mdg4 in Meiosis

Nopp140:

Nucleolar phosphoprotein of 140 kDa

NOR:

Nucleolar organizer region

NoRC:

Nucleolar remodeling complex

ORF:

Open reading frame

PEV:

Position effect variegation

P5CDh:

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase

rDNA:

Ribosomal RNA genes

rRNA:

Ribosomal RNA

RNP:

Ribonucleoprotein

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

SAT:

Sine acido thymonucleinico

SNM:

Stromalin in Meiosis

TIF-IA:

Transcription initiation factor IA

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

TPA:

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

TPRT:

Target-primed reverse transcription

TU:

Transcription unit

UBF:

Upstream binding factor

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Acknowledgements

We thank Tom Eickbush for reading portions of this review and for offering many insights during his visit to LSU in October, 2011. Our work on R2 retrotransposon expression upon loss of Nopp140 as reported here for the first time was supported by the NSF award MCB-0919709.

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  1. Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, Brno, CZ-612 65, Czech Republic

    Patrick DiMario, Allison James & Himanshu Raje

  2. Eva Bártová, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA

    Patrick DiMario

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Correspondence to Patrick DiMario .

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    Danton H O'Day

  2. , Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga Rd. 3359, Mississauga, L5L1C6, Ontario, Canada

    Andrew Catalano

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DiMario, P., James, A., Raje, H. (2013). rDNA and Nucleologenesis in Drosophila . In: O'Day, D., Catalano, A. (eds) Proteins of the Nucleolus. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5818-6_3

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