Abstract
The aim of the article is to elaborate the close interdependencies between protection of natural resources, efficient use of energy and materials and sustainable land use. Especially the ongoing expansion of settlements and transport infrastructures as well as the continuous maintenance and running of the enlarged system requires enormous inputs of materials and energy. Therefore, one of the most demanding challenges in resource protection policy consists in slowing down urban sprawl and reducing the speed of consumption of new land (land take) for settlements and transport infrastructure. Goals, policies, actions and experiences in order to reduce land take in Germany are discussed.
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Notes
- 1.
In this publication, the term “settlement” means housing areas, industrial zones, commercial areas and other built up sites like hospitals. It includes sites for non transport infrastructures, e.g. electrical plants, plants for waste water treatment or facilities for leisure activities such as public greens, parks, children’s playgrounds, campgrounds, tennis courts and other kinds of sports fields. Also included are areas for photovoltaic parks on greenfields as well as on brownfields.
Not included are sites for wind power plants erected on fields and meadows which remain in agricultural use.
- 2.
The term “economies of scale” means e.g. that in large plants, with the aid of automation or efficient organisation, fewer workers can get more work done in less time, which reduces labour costs considerably. This is true not only for many types of production units, but also – on local or regional level – for retailers. For instance, large shopping centres are the result of the desire to minimise the costs for buying merchandise, for labour and for the final distribution of the merchandise. The latter costs have been shifted to the consumers, who readily make use of their own private cars to go shopping – creating significantly more traffic on a regional scale. Furthermore, large retailers can make use of or even abuse their market power by purchasing from producers at low prices.
- 3.
Energy consumption by private households for the heating of private dwellings 1995: 2057 PJ; 2004: 2115 PJ.
- 4.
“Technosphere”: The realm of human habitat created by modern civilisation.
- 5.
As the Federal Statistical Office (StBA) changed in 2004 some details of the methods dealing with recycled mineral waste from derelict sites, the author has stratified the data on increase of material stock for the time before 2004.
- 6.
In this chapter, input of minerals into the technosphere is defined as the result of domestic extractions of mineral raw materials plus imports of construction materials and products minus exports.
- 7.
Except recreational areas which mostly consist of non built up areals.
- 8.
Author’s own calculations are based on data from the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources BGR (2009, p. 86), from which the data on mineral extraction for the industrial production of glasses and ceramics (“Quarzsande”, “Tone (Feuerfest und Keramik)”, “Rohkaolin”) was omitted.
- 9.
The reasons for the decline of building construction consisted in the breakdown of the market of apartment houses (−48 million tons), the reduction of construction of family homes for demographic reasons (−31 million tons) and the slowdown of commercial projects (−7 million tons).
- 10.
Supplemented by the author with some minor inputs for parking lanes, bicycle lanes and pavements.
- 11.
With this item, it is not quite clear, if or if not it did enter into the statistics of extraction of mineral materials at all. But if it did not enter, this means that additional amounts of material extracted are in want for the explanation what they were used for.
- 12.
It is interesting to note that the Court didn’t criticise the fact that this allowance had been cut. Instead, the Court picked at the fact that the cut was not logically consistent in all aspects. According to the judgement a total abolishment founded solely on environmental reasons might have been tolerated, whilst the actual reduction for fiscal reasons in combination with exceptions for social reasons in favour of long-distance commuters was not.
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
REFINA project: HAI - Handlungshilfen für eine aktive Innenentwicklung; www.refina-info.de/projekte/anzeige.phtml?id=3124
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
see Sect. 4.1.
- 21.
This would be sufficient for 5.0 ha of additional commercial zones plus 1.75 ha of additional recreation zones plus 5.0 ha of additional housing areas to be developed in each and every of the existing 12,000 municipalities (towns and villages) in Germany. These additional housing areas developed on 60,000 ha of greenfield sites could accommodate one million additional single family houses (including traffic infrastructures).
- 22.
Non economic benefits might “pay off” on polling day.
- 23.
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Penn-Bressel, G. (2014). Sustainable Land Use – Example: Land Take for Settlement and Transport in Germany. In: Angrick, M., Burger, A., Lehmann, H. (eds) Factor X. Eco-Efficiency in Industry and Science, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5706-6_4
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