Abstract
There are no longer acceptable trade-offs between agriculture and ecosystem services: Both are essential and at risk. Agroecology may be uniquely capable of providing both. However, there are real costs to promoting agroecology that someone must pay, but any payment scheme must recognize that many of the services provided as well as the resources required to provide them are both public goods. Payments to individual farmers do little to provide these services, especially if they are contingent upon provision. Public sector investments are required. Since the public goods provided by these investments cross political boundaries, payments for these investments should flow from those governments or collective institutions that benefit to those that will provide the services, supplementing resources invested by the latter.
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Notes
- 1.
The true açai palm (Euterpe oleracea) is found farther to the north, but we will refer to the fruit of E. edulis by its market name.
- 2.
Note that Homma is referring to Euterpe oleracea, native to northern Brazil. However, Euterpe edulis, native to southern Brazil, is quite similar. All other references are to E. edulis.
- 3.
The error many economists make is confusing abundance with non-rivalry. For example, oxygen is currently abundant in the sense that my use does not affect your use, but it is also rival, because my use of oxygen transforms it into CO2, leaving less for you to breath. When oxygen becomes scarce, such as when miners are trapped in a cave-in, the rivalry becomes obvious, but in normal conditions of abundance, it appears non-rival. The physical characteristic of oxygen as a rival resource cannot be affected by policy.
- 4.
Annex I countries, which are the industrialised nations, required to reduce emissions (UNFCCC 1998).
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Schmitt, A., Farley, J., Alvez, J., Alarcon, G., Rebollar, P.M. (2013). Integrating Agroecology with Payments for Ecosystem Services in Santa Catarina’s Atlantic Forest. In: Muradian, R., Rival, L. (eds) Governing the Provision of Ecosystem Services. Studies in Ecological Economics, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5176-7_17
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