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Coxiella burnetii: Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Research of the Q Fever Bacterium pp 329–364Cite as

Epidemic Q Fever in Humans in the Netherlands

Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (volume 984)

Abstract

In 2005, Q fever was diagnosed on two dairy goat farms and 2 years later it emerged in the human population in the south of the Netherlands. From 2007 to 2010, more than 4,000 human cases were notified with an annual seasonal peak. The outbreaks in humans were mainly restricted to the south of the country in an area with intensive dairy goat farming. In the most affected areas, up to 15% of the population may have been infected. The epidemic resulted in a serious burden of disease, with a hospitalisation rate of 20% of notified cases and is expected to result in more cases of chronic Q fever among risk groups in the coming years. The most important risk factor for human Q fever is living close (<5 km) to an infected dairy goat farm. Occupational exposure plays a much smaller role. In 2009 several veterinary control measures were implemented including mandatory vaccination of dairy goats and dairy sheep, improved hygiene measures, and culling of pregnant animals on infected farms. The introduction of these drastic veterinary measures has probably ended the Q fever outbreak, for which the Netherlands was ill-prepared.

Keywords

  • Q fever
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Netherlands
  • Dairy goats
  • Epidemic

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Fig. 17.1
Fig. 17.2

Notes

  1. 1.

    Information from official documents of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. Available at http://overheid-op.sdu.nl/cgi/login

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Clb), 1, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Wim van der Hoek

  2. Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Health Service ‘Hart voor Brabant’, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

    Gabriëlla Morroy

  3. Academic Collaborative Centre AMPHI, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Gabriëlla Morroy

  4. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 1, 90153, 5200 ME, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

    Nicole H. M. Renders, Peter C. Wever, Mirjam H. A. Hermans, Alexander C. A. P. Leenders & Peter M. Schneeberger

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Correspondence to Wim van der Hoek .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Virology, Dept. of Rickettsiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovakia

    Rudolf Toman

  2. Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, NIH/NIAID, South Fourth Street 903, Hamilton, 59840, Montana, USA

    Robert A. Heinzen

  3. , Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M, Joe H. Reynolds Medical Building, College Station 407, College Station, 77843-1114, Texas, USA

    James E. Samuel

  4. Institut Fédératif de Recherche 48, Les Maladies Infect Transmissibles, CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Bd Jean Moulin 27, Marseille, Cedex 05, 13385, France

    Jean-Louis Mege

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van der Hoek, W. et al. (2012). Epidemic Q Fever in Humans in the Netherlands. In: Toman, R., Heinzen, R., Samuel, J., Mege, JL. (eds) Coxiella burnetii: Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Research of the Q Fever Bacterium. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 984. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4315-1_17

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