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Immune Response and Coxiella burnetii Invasion

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First Online:
Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (volume 984)

Abstract

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, has evolved a wealth of mechanisms in order to persist within hosts. Two tissues, namely adipose tissue and placenta, are candidates to house C. burnetii, but the mechanisms governing C. burnetii survival in these tissues are still unknown. In contrast, monocytes and macrophages are well-known targets of C. burnetii. First, C. burnetii has developed a specific strategy of phagocytosis subversion that consists of the inhibition of integrin interplay. Second, C. burnetii persistence is associated with macrophage activation profiles. Indeed, monocytes (in which C. burnetii survives without replication) exhibit a proinflammatory M1-type response, whereas macrophages (in which C. burnetii slowly replicates) are polarized towards an M2-type. Third, interleukin-10 produced by monocytes is a main factor of the chronic development of Q fever, and murine models confirm the key role of interleukin-10 in C. burnetii persistence. Fourth, apoptotic cells may play a key role in chronic Q fever. The uptake of apoptotic cells by circulating monocytes increases C. burnetii replication by redirecting monocytes toward a non-protective M2 profile. In the presence of interferon-γ, apoptotic cell engulfment is inhibited and monocytes polarized toward an M1 program are able to kill C. burnetii; this is the situation observed in patients with uncomplicated acute Q fever. Finally, we cannot exclude that regulatory T cells may play a role in C. burnetii persistence because their number is increased in patients with chronic Q fever.

Keywords

Adipose tissue Apoptosis Coxiella burnetii Interleukin-10 Macrophage polarization Monocytes Placenta Q fever Regulatory T cells 
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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Transmissibles et Emergentes, CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 48, Faculté de MédecineUniversité de la MéditerranéeMarseilleFrance

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