Skip to main content

Background Information of Poyang Lake and Yangtze Finless Porpoises

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Contingent Valuation of Yangtze Finless Porpoises in Poyang Lake, China

Abstract

Before I start describing Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs), I need to put this animal and the need to protect it into context. Therefore, this chapter seeks to introduce the area, Poyang Lake, and identify major use conflicts with respect to ecology and economy. In addition, I briefly describe the characteristics of the YFPs and explain the threats faced by them and corresponding protection strategy.

Poyang Lake enjoys the title of the last “special water ecological region” in the world, gaining the laureate of the “largest freshwater lake of China” for its maximum water surface of 5,100 km² in 1954. Poyang Lake is not only the lifeline of Jiangxi province in China but also the “patron saint” of the middle and lower reaches of The Yangtze River. In this chapter, I will introduce the geographical situation of Poyang Lake, and the uses and conflicts found there (Sects. 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3). Then I will explore Poyang Lake as the best currently available habitat of the YFPs and explain the circumstances faced by the YFPs (Sect. 2.4). The chapter ends with a brief summary (Sect. 2.5).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akamatsu, T., Wang, D., Wang, K. X., Wang, Z., Zhao, Q., & Naito, Y. (2002). Diving behavior of freshwater finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in an oxbow of the Yangtze River. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59, 438–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amano, M. (2002). Finless porpoise (Neophocoena phocaenoides). In W. F. Perrin, R. B. Wursig, & J. G. M. Thewissen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of marine mammals (pp. 432–435). San Diego: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baillie, J., & Groombridge, B. (Eds.). (1996). 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. Gland: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, L., Wang, D., Barlow, J., Pitman, B., Akamatsu, T., Zhao, X., Müller, B., & Pfluger, A. (2006, May 24). The pilot Yangtze freshwater dolphin expedition report. San Diego/Wuhan/London/Zurich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzen, J., Engels, M., Burnham, J., Harris, J., & Wu, G. F. (2009). Potential impacts of a water control structure on the abundance and distribution of wintering waterbirds at Poyang Lake. Siberian Crane Wetland Project, International Crane Foundation. Web site: http://www.savingcranes.org/poyanglakeproject.html

  • Bird Life International. (2010). Species factsheet: Grus leucogeranus. Retrieved August 6, 2010, from http://www.birdlife.org

  • Braulik, G. T., Reeves, R. R., Wang, D., Ellis, S., Wells, R. S., & Dudgeon, D. (2006). Report of the workshop on conservation of the Baiji and Yangtze finless porpoise. Zurich: Baiji Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carwardine, M. (1995). Whales, dolphins and porpoises. London: Dorling Kindersley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., & Hua, Y. (1989). Distribution, population size and protection of Lipotes vexillifer. Gland: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., Liu, R., Wang, D., & Zhang, X. (1997). Biology, rearing and conservation of Baiji. Beijing: Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, D., Duan, X., Liu, S., & Shi, W. (2004). Status and management of fishery resources of the Yangtze river. In R. L. Welcomme & T. Petr (Eds.), Proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries (Vol. I). Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP Publication 2004/17).

    Google Scholar 

  • China Central TV. (2010). Poyang Lake ’s new era of eco-tourism. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from http://www.china.org.cn/video/2010-03/18/content_19634996.htm

  • Chris Huh (2006). Baiji conservation efforts map. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baiji_conservation_efforts_map.png

  • Cui, L. J. (2004). Evaluation on functions of Poyang Lake ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 23, 47–51 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Culik, B. M. (2004). Review of small cetaceans: Distribution, behavior, migration and threats (Regional Sea Reports and Studies No. 177). Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/publications/reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs177.pdf

  • De Leeuw, J., Shankman, D., Wu, G. F., Boer, W. F. D., Burnham, J., He, Q., Yesou, H., & Xiao, J. (2009). Strategic assessment of the magnitude and impacts of sand mining in Poyang Lake, China. Regional Environmental Change, 10, 95–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, W., Xu, Y., Wang, D., & Hao, Y. (2006). Mercury concentrations in Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) from Eastern Dongting Lake, China. Fresenius Environment Bulletin, 15, 441–447 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ex-situ conservation. Retrieved 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation

  • Groot, S. J. D. (1979). An assessment of the potential environmental impact of large-scale sand-dredging for the building of artificial islands in the North Sea. Ocean Management, 5, 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • History of evolution—Poyang Lake. (2008). Available from http://en.jxwmw.cn/system/2008/04/30/010040689.shtml

  • Honkong Business Newspaper. (2009). Poyang Lake: Who would shoulder the responsibility of safeguarding her magnificences? Retrieved March 2, 2009, from http://bbs.jjxw.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardid=5&id=56993

  • Huang, Q. P., & Huang, G. Q. (2007). Question and countermeasure in integrated exploitation and use of water resources of Poyang Lake. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 19, 82–85 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huangshan CITS. (2008). Map of poyang Lake. Retrieved from http://www.huangshantour.com/english/map/poyanglakemap.asp

  • In-situ conservation. Retrieved 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-situ_conservation

  • International Crane Foundation (1998). Poyang Lake ecology study. Retrieved from http://www.savingcranes.org/poyanglakeproject.html

  • IWC (International Whaling Commission). (2001). Report of the workshop on status and trends of Western North Atlantic right whales. Journal of Cetacean Resource Management Species, 2, 61–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, T. A., & Hung, S. K. (2004). Neophocaena phocaenoides. Mammalian Species, 746, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson, T. A., Leatherwood, S., & Webber, M. A. (1993). FAO species identification guide: Marine mammals of the world. Rome: UNEP/FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiangxi Water Conservancy. (2010). The poyang lake project. Retrieved from http://www.jxsl.gov.cn

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanai, Y., Ueta, M., Germogenov, N., Nagendran, M., Mita, N., & Higuchi, H. (2002). Migration routes and important resting areas of Siberian Cranes (Grus leucogeranus) between Northeastern Siberia and China as revealed by satellite tracking. Biological Conservation, 106, 339–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasuya, T. (1999). Finless porpoise – Neophocaena phocoenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829). In S. H. Ridgway & S. R. Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of marine mammals vol. 6: The second book of dolphins and porpoises (pp. 411–442). London/ New York/Toronto/Sydney/San Francisco: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, T. (2008). Crisis at Poyang Lake. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/homepage/show/single/en/1846-Crisis-at-Poyang-Lake

  • Li, Q. M., Xu, Z. F., & He, T. H. (2002). Ex situ genetic conservation of endangered Vatica Guangxiensis (Dipterocarpaceae) in China. Biological Conservation, 106, 151–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. (2003). The effect of return grain fields to the lake o the Poyang Lake area. Jiangxi Science, 21, 235–238 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, R., Wang, D., & Zhou, K. Y. (2000). Effects of water development on river cetaceans in China. In R. R. Reeves, B. D. Smith, & T. Kasuya (Eds.), Biology and conservation of freshwater cetaceans in Asia (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, pp. 40–42). Gland: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Min, K. (1998). Water pollution in China. Retrieved from http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/-sustain/suscoasts/krismin.html

  • Parsons, E. C. M. (1998a). The behavior of Hong Kong’s resident cetaceans: The Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin and the finless porpoise. Aquatic Mammals, 24, 91–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, E. C. M. (1998b). Strandings of small cetaceans in Hong Kong territorial waters. Journal of Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom, 78, 1039–1042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Z. F. (Ed.). (1999). Jiangxi province levee atlas. Jiangxi: Jiangxi Provincial Government Levee Department (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • People’s Daily. (2000). China bans illegal sand mining on Yangtze river. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/2000/12/13/eng20001213_57716.html

  • Perrin, W. F., Brownell, K. Y., & Liu, J. K. (1989). Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilleri, G., & Gihr, M. (1972). Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of Pakistan with particular reference to the Genera Neomeris, Sousa, Delphinus and Tursiops and description. In G. Pilleri (Ed.), Investigations on cetacean. Berne: der Bund. Iv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, R. R., & Gales, N. J. (2006). Realities of Baiji conservation. Conservation Biology, 20, 626–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, R. R., Wang, J. Y., & Leatherwood, S. (1997). The finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides (G Cuvier 1829): A summary of current knowledge and recommendations for conservation action. Asian Marine Biology, 14, 111–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, R. R., Jefferson, T. A., Kasuya, T., Smith, B. D., Wang, D., Wang, P., Wells, R. S., Wursig, B., & Zhou, K. (2000). Report of the workshop to develop a conservation action plan for the Yangtze river finless porpoise. Ocean Park, Hong Kong, 16–18 September 1997. In R. R. Reeves, B. D. Smith, & T. Kasuya (Eds.), Biology and conservation of freshwater cetaceans in Asia (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, pp. 67–80).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves R. R., Smith B. D., Wang D., & Zhou K. (2005). Lipotes vexillifer. In IUCN. 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species, from www.iucnredlist.org

  • Reyes, J. C. (1991). The conservation of small cetaceans: A review. Report prepared for the Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, D. W. (1998). Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and distribution. In D. Wartzok (Ed.), Society for marine mammalogy (Special Publication Number 4). Lawrence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, T., Barrett, A., Braulik, G., & Wang, D. (2006). Implementing the recovery programme for the Yangtze river dolphin. FFI Oryx, 40, 258–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Secretariat of 11th Living Lakes Conference. (2006). Sustainable lake management: Balancing agriculture and lake protection. Paper presented at the 11th Living Lakes Conference, Nanchang. Retrieved from https://www.globalnature.org/bausteine.net/file/showfile.aspx?downdaid=6404&sp=E&domid=1011&fd=2

  • Shankman, D., & Liang, Q. (2003). Landscape changes and increasing flood frequency in China’s Poyang Lake region. The Professional Geographer, 55, 434–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shankman, D., Keim, B. D., & Song, J. (2006). Flood frequency in China’s Poyang Lake region. International Journal of Climatology, 26, 1255–1266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirakihara, K., Yoshida, H., Shirakihara, M., & Takemura, A. (1992). A questionnaire survey on the distribution of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in Japanese waters. Marine Mammal Science, 8, 160–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X. S. (2009). Poyang lake project comprehensively promote the work of water allocation. Speech on the 3rd River Basin Integrated Management Sub-forum of Yangtze Forum. Water Resources Department of Jiangxi Province, Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.jxsl.gov.cn/article.jsp?columnid=967&articleid=12943

  • Te Boekhorst, D. G. J., Smits, T. J. M., Yu, X., Li, L., Lei, G., & Zhang. C. (2010). Implementing integrated river basin management in China. Ecology and Society, 15(2), 23. Retrieved from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art23/

  • The Contra Costa Demonstrator (2002). China Trip Slide Show, retrieved from http://www.ccdemo.info/landabee/ChinaTripSlideShows/512x384/16SS-3GorgesDam/slides/002ChinaMapDams2.html

  • Travel China Guide. (2011). Yangtze river facts. Retrieved from http://www.travelchinaguide.com/river/yangtze/

  • Vocations To Go. (2011). Yangtze River. Retrieved from http://www.vacationstogo.com/images/ports/maps/1043.gif

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D. (2008, July 10). Problems, practices and perspective of Yangtze cetacean conservation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Congress for Conservation Biology, Convention Center, Chattanooga, TN. Retrieved June 6, 2010, from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p243455_index.html

  • Wang, D. (2009). Population status, threats and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54, 3473–3484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Liu, R., Zhang, X., Yang, J., Wei, Z., Zhao, Q., & Wang, X. (2000). Status and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. In R. R. Reeves, B. D. Smith, & T. Kasuya (Eds.), Biology and conservation of freshwater cetaceans in Asia (IUCN SSC Occasional Paper No. 23, pp. 81–85). Gland/Cambridge: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Hao, Y., Wang, K., Zhao, Q., Chen, D., Wei, Z., & Zhang, X. (2005). The first Yangtze finless porpoise successfully born in captivity. Environmental Science of Pollution Resource, 5, 247–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Zhang, X., Wang, K., Wei, Z., Würsig, B., Braulik, G. T., & Ellis, S. (2006). Conservation of the Baiji: No simple solution. Conservation Biology, 20, 623–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, X., Zhao, Q., Wang, K., & Kuang, X. (2002). Population size, behavior, movement pattern and protection of Yangtze finless porpoise at Balijiang section of the Yangtze river. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 11, 427–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, G. F. (2008). Impact of human activities on water level and clarity and underwater light climate of Vallisneria Spiralis L. in Poyang Lake, China. Doctoral dissertation, International Institute for Geo-information Science & Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, G. F., De Leeuw, J., Skidmore, A. K., Prins, H. H. T., & Liu, Y. (2007). Concurrent monitoring of vessels and water turbidity enhances the strength of evidence in remotely sensed dredging impact assessment. Water Research, 41, 3271–3280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Würtz-Artescienza, M. (2002). Neophocaena phocaenoides. Retrieved from http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/N_phocaenoides/N%20phocaenoides_wurtz.jpg

  • Xiao, W., & Zhang, X. (2000). A preliminary study on the population size of Yangtze finless porpoise in Poyang Lake. Jiangxi Chinese Biodiversity, 8, 106–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua News Agency. (2005). Jiangxi builds 1st finless porpoise rescue center on Yangtze river. Retrieved March 26, 2005, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-03/26/content_2747790.htm

  • Xinhua News Agency. (2006). Fishing Ban starts on Poyang Lake. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from http://spanish.china.org.cn/english/China/162323.htm

  • Xinhua News Agency. (2008). River sand mining banned in largest freshwater lake. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-04/01/content_6583273.htm

  • Xinhua News Agency. (2009). China’s largest freshwater lake starts three-month fishing ban. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/21/content_11047470.htm

  • Xinhua News Agency. (2010). Largest freshwater lake starts fishing ban. Retrieved March 20, 2010, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-03/20/content_9618039.htm

  • Xu, Y. M. (2005). Research on the ecological water use and water resources optimization allocation in Poyang Lake area. Doctoral dissertation, Nanchang University (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, D. L., Xiong, M., & Zhang, J. (2001). Analysis of hydrological characteristic of Poyang Lake. Yangtze River, 32, 21–27 (in Chinese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G., Zhou, K., Xu, X., & Leatherwood, S. (1999). A survey on the incidental catches of small cetaceans in coastal waters of China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 10, 713–716 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., Xiao, W., Kuang, X., Wei, Z., & Liu, R. (2000). Studies on the distribution, population size and the activity of Lipotes vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 9, 444–450 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G., Bruford, M. W., Wei, F., & Zhou, K. (2006). Conservation options for the Baiji: Time for realism. Conservation Biology, 20, 1523–1739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, H. (2002). Population structure of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Coastal waters of Japan. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 10, 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, D., Dong, M., Wang, J., & Zhang, X. (2001). Population status of Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze river section from Hukou to Nanjing. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 21, 174–179 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, K. (2007). Poyang Lake: Saving the finless porpoise. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/839-Poyang-Lake-saving-the-finless-porpoise

  • Zhang, T. L., & Li, Z. J. (2007). Fish resources and fishery utilization of Lake Poyang. Journal of Lake Sciences, 19, 434–444 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., & Wang, K. (1999). Population viability analysis for the Yangtze finless porpoise. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 19, 529–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Liu, R., Zhao, Q., Zhang, G., Wei, Z., Wang, X., & Yang, J. (1993). The population of finless porpoise in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river. Acta Theriol Sinica, 13, 260–270 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Wang, D., Liu, R., Wei, Z., Hua, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., & Wang, L. (2003). The Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer): Population status and conservation issues in the Yangtze river. China Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13, 51–64 (in Chinese).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, X. J., Barlow, J., Taylor, B. L., Pitmanc, R. L., Wang, K. X., Wei, Z., Stewart, B. S., Turvey, S. T., Akamatsu, T., Reeves, R. R., & Wang, D. (2008). Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze river, China. Biological Conservation, 141, 3006–3018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, Y., & Chen, S. (2005). Impact of sand dredging on fish in Poyang Lake. Jiangxi Fishery, 1, 15–18 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, K., & Li, Y. (1989). Status and aspects of the ecology and behavior of the Baiji, Lipotes vexillifer in the Lower Yangtze river. In W. F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell, K. Zhou, & J. Liu (Eds.), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins (IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper No. 3, pp. 86–91). Gland: IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, K., & Zhang, X. (1991). Baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin and other endangered animals of China. Nanjing: Yilin Press. in Chinese.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, K., Ellis, S., Leatherwood, S., Bruford, M., & Seal, U. (1994). Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) population and habitat viability assessment. Mammalogical Society of China, IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group and IUCN SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, K., Sun, J., Gao, A., & Würsig, B. (1998a). Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower Yangtze river: Movements, numbers, threats and conservation needs. Aquatic Mammal, 24, 123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, K., Yang, G., Gao, A., Sun, J., & Xu, X. (1998b). Population abundance and distribution characteristics of finless porpoise in the river section from Nanjing to Hukou of the Yangtze river. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science), 21, 91–98 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, L., Zhao, Y. W., & Liu, L. M. (2004). Protective utilization and function estimate of wetlands ecosystem in Poyang Lake. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 18, 196–200 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dong, Y. (2013). Background Information of Poyang Lake and Yangtze Finless Porpoises. In: Contingent Valuation of Yangtze Finless Porpoises in Poyang Lake, China. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2765-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics