Abstract
Long considered to serve solely as the genetic information carrier, DNA has been shown in 1994 to be able to act as DNA catalysts capable of catalyzing a trans-esterification reaction similar to the action of ribozymes and protein enzymes. Although not yet found in nature, numerous DNAzymes have been isolated through in vitro selection for catalyzing many different types of reactions in the presence of different metal ions and thus become a new class of metalloenzymes. What remains unclear is how DNA can carry out catalysis with simpler building blocks and fewer functional groups than ribozymes and protein enzymes and how DNA can bind metal ions specifically to perform these functions. In the past two decades, many biochemical and biophysical studies have been carried out on DNAzymes, especially RNA-cleaving DNAzymes. Important insights have been gained regarding their metal-dependent activity, global folding, metal binding sites, and catalytic mechanisms for these DNAzymes. Because of their high metal ion selectivity, one of the most important practical applications for DNAzymes is metal ion detection, resulting in highly sensitive and selective fluorescent, colorimetric, and electrochemical sensors for a wide range of metal ions such as Pb2+, UO2 2 +,\(\rm{Pb}^{2+},\ UO^{2+}_{2},\) including paramagnetic metal ions such as Cu2+. This chapter summarizes recent progresses in in vitro selection of metal ion-selective DNAzymes, their biochemical and biophysical studies and sensing applications.
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Acknowledgments
The research of the Lu group described in this chapter has been generously supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, and the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center.
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Lan, T., Lu, Y. (2012). Metal Ion-Dependent DNAzymes and Their Applications as Biosensors. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, R. (eds) Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2_8
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