Abstract
Fishes that engage in aggregation spawning do so at specific sites and times and have a wide diversity of spawning strategies. There are some clear distinctions in locations and timing between transient aggregations (TA) and resident aggregations (RA). TAs have larger predatory fishes, occur infrequently, but seasonally largely on or near shelf edge areas. RAs have herbivores and omnivores, are more numerous and occur in both shelf edge areas and inshore regions. Aggregations differ between the Indo-west Pacific (IWP) and tropical western Atlantic (TWA); probably due to current dominated regimes in the IWP due to the higher tidal amplitudes and barrier reef/channel geomorphology. Migration patterns are related to the frequency of spawning. Nearly all TA (and some RA) sites are used by multiple species, either sequentially or simultaneously. Many aggregation sites are stable in location over decades with only slight variation. Spawning at some TAs is now known to occur during periods of low current speed. The entrainment of TA propagules into oceanic circulation after spawning is uncertain with tendencies at some TA sites for retention of propagules. Spawn from RAs is less likely to become entrained into oceanic circulation. Water temperature regimes may be an important determinant of seasonality of spawning and early life history success. Most aggregations occur over a limited temperature range. The daily and lunar timing of aggregation spawning may be related to needs of pelagic life history. Predation on spawning adults is rare while predation of released eggs is common, but neither factor is believed to limit or structure aggregations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aguilar-Perera A (2006) Disappearance of a Nassau grouper spawning aggregation off the southern Mexican Caribbean coast. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 327:289–296
Aguilar-Perera A, Aguilar-Davila A (1996) A spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus Pisces: Serranidae in the Mexican Caribbean. Environ Biol Fish 45:351–361
Appeldoorn RS, Hensley DA, Shapiro DY, Kioroglou S, Anderson BG (1994) Egg dispersal in a Caribbean coral reef fish. Thalassoma bifasciatum. II Dispersal off the reef platform. Bull Mar Sci 54:271–280
Bardach JE, Smith CL, Menzel DW (1958) Bermuda fisheries research program final report. Bermuda Trade Development Board, Hamilton
Barlow GW (1981) Patterns of parental investment, dispersal and size amongst coral-reef fishes. Environ Biol Fish 6:65–85
Bell LJ, Colin PL (1986) Mass spawning of Caesio teres (Pisces: Caesionidae) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Environ Biol Fish 15:69–74
Bergenius MAJ, Meeken MG, Robertson DR, McCormick ML (2002) Larval growth predicts recruitment success of a coral reef fish. Oecologia 131:512–525
Bolden SK (2000) Long-distance movement of a Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) to a spawning aggregation in the central Bahamas. Fish Bull 98:642–645
Bullock LH, Murphy MD, Godcharles MR, Mitchell ME (1992) Age, growth and reproduction of jewfish, Epinephelus itajara, in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fish Bull 90:243–249
Burton ML, Brennan KJ, Muñoz RC Jr (2005) Preliminary evidence of increased spawning aggregations of mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis) at Rileys Hump two years after establishment of the Tortugas South Ecological Reserve. Fish Bull 103:404–410
Carter HJ (1986) Moonlight mating of the multitudes. Anim King 89(6):63–71
Carter HJ (1989) Grouper sex in Belize. Nat Hist Oct 1989:60–69
Carter HJ, Marrow GJ, Pryor V (1994) Aspects of the ecology and reproduction of Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) off the coast of Belize, Central America. Proc Gulf Caribb Fish Inst 1990:65–111
Clifton KE, Robertson DR (1993) Risks of alternative mating strategies. Nature 366:520
Colin PL (1976) Filter feeding and predation on the eggs of Thallasoma sp. by the scombrid fish Rastrelliger kanagurta. Copeia 1976(3):596–597
Colin PL (1978) Daily and summer-winter variation in mass spawning of the striped parrotfish, Scarus croicensis. Fish Bull 76(1):117–124
Colin PL (1992) Reproduction of the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, (Pisces: Serranidae) and its relationship to environmental conditions. Environ Biol Fish 34:357–377
Colin PL (1994) Preliminary investigations of reproductive activity of the jewfish, Epinephelus itajara (Pisces: Serranidae). Proc Gulf Caribb Fish Inst 43:138–147
Colin PL (1995) Surface currents in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and adjacent areas with reference to potential larval transport. Bull Mar Sci 56(1):48–57
Colin PL (1996) Longevity of some coral reef fish spawning aggregations. Copeia 1996:189–192
Colin PL (2010) Aggregation and spawning of the humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus (Pisces: Labridae): general aspects of spawning behaviour. J Fish Biol 76:987–1007
Colin PL, Bell LJ (1991) Aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes (Pisces: Labroidei) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands with notes on other families. Environ Biol Fish 31:229–260
Colin PL, Clavijo IE (1978) Mass spawning by the spotted goatfish, Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch) (Pisces: Mullidae). Bull Mar Sci 28:780–782
Colin PL, Clavijo IE (1988) Spawning activity of fishes producing pelagic eggs on a shelf edge coral reef, southwestern Puerto Rico. Bull Mar Sci 43:249–279
Colin PL, Shapiro DY, Weiler D (1987) Aspects of the reproduction of two groupers, Epinephelus guttatus and E. striatus, in the West Indies. Bull Mar Sci 40:220–230
Colin PL, Laroche WA, Koenig CC (1996) Development from egg to juvenile of the red grouper, Epinephelus morio (Pisces: Serranidae) in the laboratory. In: Arreguin-Sanchez F, Munro JL, Balgos MC, Pauly D (eds) Biology, fisheries and culture of tropical groupers and snappers, ICLARM conference proceedings. ICLARM, Manila
Colin PL, Laroche WA, Brothers ED (1997) Timing of ingress and settlement in the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, (Pisces: Serranidae), with relationship to spawning occurrence. Bull Mar Sci 60(3):656–667
Cowen RK (2002) Oceanographic influences on larval dispersal and retention and their consequences for population connectivity. In: Sale PF (ed) Coral reef fishes: new insights into their ecology. Academic, London
Craig AK (1969) The grouper fishery of Cay Glory, British Honduras. Annu Assoc Am Geogr 59:252–263
Craig PC (1998) Temporal spawning patterns of several species of surgeonfishes and wrasses in American Samoa. Pac Sci 52:35–39
Doherty PJ, Fowler AJ, Samoilys MA, Harris DA (1994) Monitoring the replenishment of coral trout (Pisces: Serranidae) populations. Bull Mar Sci 54(1):343–355
Domeier ML (2004) A potential larval recruitment pathway originating from a Florida marine protected area. Fish Oceanogr 13:287–294
Domeier ML, Colin PL (1997) Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed. Bull Mar Sci 60(3):698–726
Ellis EP, Watanabe WO, Ellis SC, Ginzoa J, Moriwake A (1997) Effect turbulence, salinity and light intensity on hatching rate and survival of larval Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus. J Appl Aquacult 7(3):33–43
Erisman BE, Buckhorn ML, Hastings PA (2007) Spawning patterns in the leopard grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, in comparison with other aggregating groupers. Mar Biol 151:1849–1861
Gladstone W (1986) Spawning behavior of the bumphead parrotfish Bolbometopon muricatum at Yonge Reef, Great Barrier Reef. Jpn J Ichthol 33:326–328
Gladstone W (1996) Unique annual aggregation of longnose parrotfish (Hipposcarus harid) at Farasan Island (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). Copeia 1996(2):483–485
Hamilton RJ (2005) Indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) of the aggregating and nocturnal spawning behaviour of the longfin emperor, Lethrinus erythropterus. SPC Tradit Mar Resour Manag Knowl Inf Bull 18:9–17
Hamilton RJ, Matawai M, Potuku T, Kama W, Lahu P, Wark J, Smith AJ (2005) Applying local knowledge and science to the management of grouper aggregation sites in Melanesia. South Pac Community Live Reef Fish Inf Bull 14:7–19
Hamner WM, Hauri IR (1981) Effects of island mass: water flow and plankton pattern around a reef in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, Australia. Limnol Oceanogr 26(6):1084–1102
Hamner WM, Colin PL, Hamner PP (2007) Export-import dynamics of zooplankton on a coral reef in Palau. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 334:83–92
Helfman GS, Shultz ET (1984) Social transmission of behavioral traditions in a coral reef fish. Anim Behav 30:379–384
Helfrich P, Allen PM (1975) Observations on the spawning of mullet Crenimugil crenilabus (Forsskål), at Enewetak, Marshall Islands. Micrones 11:219–225
Hensley DA, Appeldoorn RS, Shapiro DY, Ray M, Turingan RG (1994) Egg dispersal in a Caribbean coral reef fish. Thalassoma bifasciatum. I. Dispersal over the reef platform. Bull Mar Sci 54:256–270
Heyman WD, Kjerfve B (2008) Characterization of multi-species reef fish spawning aggregations at Gladden Spit, Belize. Bull Mar Sci 83(3):531–551
Heyman WD, Graham RT, Kjerfve B, Johannes RE (2001) Whale sharks Rhincodon typus aggregate to feed on fish spawn in Belize. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 215:275–282
Heyman WD, Kjerfve B, Graham RT, Rhodes KL, Garbutt L (2005) Spawning aggregations of Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier) on the Belize Barrier Reef over a 6 year period. J Fish Biol 67:83–101
Hoffmayer E, Franks J, Driggers W, Oswald K, Quattro J (2007) Observations of a feeding aggregation of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, in the north central Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Caribb Res 19(2):69–73
Johannes RE (1978) Reproductive strategies of coastal marine fishes in the tropics. Environ Biol Fish 3:65–84
Johannes RE (1981) Words of the Lagoon. Fishing marine lore in the Palau district of Micronesia. University of California Press, Los Angeles, USA
Johannes RE, Squire L, Graham T, Sadovy Y, Renguul H (1999) Spawning aggregations of groupers (Serranidae) in Palau. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, USA
Jones GP, Milicich MJ, Emslie MJ, Lunow C (1999) Self-recruitment in a coral reef fish population. Nature 402:802–804
Jones GP, Planes S, Thorrold SR (2005) Coral reef fish larvae settle close to home. Curr Biol 15:1314–1318
Kadison E, Nemeth RS, Herzlieb S, Blondeau J (2006) Temporal and spatial dynamics of Lutjanus cyanopterus and L. jocu (Pisces: Lutjanidae) spawning aggregations on a multi-species spawning site in the USVI. Rev Biol Trop 54(suppl 3):69–78
Kadison E, Nemeth RS, Blondeau JE (2009) Assessment of an unprotected red hind (Epinephelus guttatus) spawning aggregation on the Saba Bank in the Netherland Antilles. Bull Mar Sci 85(1):101–118
Kobara S, Heyman WD (2008) Geomorphometric patterns of Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) spawning aggregation sites in the Cayman Islands. Mar Geod 31:231–245
Leggett WC, Dublois E (1994) Recruitment in marine fishes: is it regulated by starvation and predation in the egg and larval stages? Neth J Sea Res 32:119–134
Lobel PS, Robinson AR (1986) Transport and entrapment of fish larvae by ocean mesoscale eddies and currents in Hawaiian waters. Deep Sea Res 33(4):483–500
Luckhurst BE (1998) Site fidelity and return migration of tagged red hinds (Epinephelus guttatus) to a spawning aggregation site in Bermuda. Proc Gulf Caribb Fish Inst 50:750–763
Mazeroll AI, Montgomery WL (1998) Daily migrations of a coral reef fish in the Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba, Israel): initiation and orientation. Copeia 1998:893–905
Mora C, Sale PF (2002) Are populations of coral reef fish open or closed? Trends Ecol Evol 17:422–428
Moyer JT (1989) Reef channels as spawning sites for fishes on the Shirahao Coral Reef Ishigaki Island, Japan. Jpn J Ichthyol 36:371–375
Myrberg AA, Montgomery WL, Fishelson L (1988) The reproductive behavior of Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forskal) and other surgeonfishes (Fam. Acanthuridae) off Eilat, Israel (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea). Ethology 79:31–61
Nemeth RS (2009) Dynamics of reef fish and decapod crustacean spawning aggregations: underlying mechanisms, habitat linkages and trophic interactions. In: Nagelkerken I (ed) Ecological interactions among tropical coastal ecosystems. Springer, Berlin
Nemeth RS, Blondeau J, Herzlieb S, Kadison E (2007) Spatial and temporal patterns of movement and migration at spawning aggregations of red hind, Epinephelus guttatus, in the U.S.Virgin Islands. Environ Biol Fish 78:365–381
Nemeth RS, Kadison E, Blondeau JE, Idrisi N, Watlington R, Brown K, Smith T, Carr O (2008) Regional coupling of red hind spawning aggregations to oceanographic processes in the eastern Caribbean. In: Grober-Dunsmore R, Keller BD (eds) Caribbean connectivity: implications for marine protected area management, Marine Sanctuary Conservation Series ONMS-08-07. NOAA, Silver Spring
Olsen DA, LaPlace JA (1979) A study of Virgin Islands grouper fishery based on a breeding aggregation. Proc Gulf Caribb Fish Inst 31:130–144
Paulay G (1990) Effects of late Cenozoic sea-level fluctuations on the bivalve faunas of tropical oceanic islands. Paleobiology 16(4):415–434
Paz GE, Truly E (2007) The Nassau Grouper spawning aggregation at Caye Glory, Belize: a brief history. Report to the Nature Conservancy, Arlington
Randall JE, Randall HA (1963) The spawning and early development of the Atlantic parrot fish, Sparisoma rubripinne, with notes on other scarid and labrid fishes. Zoologica 48:49–60
Rhodes KL (2003) SCRFA spawning aggregation survey: federated States of Micronesia. Western Pacific fisher survey series, vol 2. Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations
Rhodes KL, Sadovy Y (2002) Temporal and spatial trends in spawning aggregations of camouflage grouper, Epinephelus polyphekadion, in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Environ Biol Fish 63:27–39
Rissik D, Suthers IM, Taggart CT (1997) Enhanced zooplankton abundance in the lee of an isolated reef in the south Coral Sea: the role of flow disturbance. J Plankton Res 19(9):1347–1368
Robertson DR (1983) On the spawning behavior and spawning cycles of eight surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) from the Indo-Pacific. Environ Biol Fish 9:192–223
Rombought PJ (2007) The effects of temperature on embryonic development and larval development. In: Wood C, McDonald M (eds) Global warming: implications for freshwater and marine fishes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rothenberger P et al (2008) The state of coral reef ecosystems of the US Virgin Islands. In: Waddell JE, Clarke AM (eds) The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific freely associated states, 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73, Silver Spring
Sadovy Y (2005) Troubled times for the trysting trio: three aggregating groupers in the live reef food-fish trade. South Pac Community Live Reef Fish Inf Bull 14:3–6
Sadovy Y, Eklund A-M (1999) Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792), and the Jewfish, E. itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822). NOAA Technical Report NMFS 146, Seattle, Washington
Sadovy Y, Colin PL, Domeier ML (1994) Aggregation and spawning in the tiger grouper, Mycteroperca tigris (Pisces: Serranidae). Copeia 2:511–516
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Cornish A, Domeier M, Colin PL, Russell LKC (2008) Reef fish spawning aggregations: a global baseline. Conserv Biol 22(5):1233–1244
Sala E, Ballesteros E, Starr RM (2001) Rapid decline of Nassau grouper spawning aggregations in Belize: fishery management and conservation needs. Fisheries 26:23–30
Sala E, Aburto-Oropeza O, Paredes G, Thompson G (2003) Spawning aggregations and reproductive behavior of reef fishes in the Gulf of California. Bull Mar Sci 72(1):103–121
Samoilys MA (1997) Periodicity of spawning aggregations of coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae) on the northern Great Barrier Reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 160:149–159
Sancho G, Petersen CW, Lobel PS (2000a) Predator-prey relations at a spawning aggregation site of coral reef fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 203:275–288
Sancho G, Solow AR, Lobel PS (2000b) Environmental influences on the diet timing of spawning in coral reef fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 206:193–212
Shapiro D, Hensley D, Appeldoorn R (1988) Pelagic spawning and egg transport in coral-reef fishes: a skeptical overview. Environ Biol Fish 22(1):3–14
Sheaves M (2006) Is the timing of spawning in sparid fishes a response to sea temperature regimes? Coral Reefs 25:655–669
Shenker J, Maddox ED, Wishinski E, Pearl A, Thorrold SR, Smith N (1993) Onshore transport of settlement stage Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) and other fishes in Exuma Sound, Bahamas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 98:31–43
Smith CL (1972) A spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch). Trans Am Fish Soc 101:257–261
Starr RM, Sala E, Ballesteros E, Zabala M (2007) Spatial dynamics of the Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus in a Caribbean atoll. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 343:239–249
Swearer SE, Caselle JE, Lea DW, Warner RR (1999) Larval retention and recruitment in an island population of coral-reef fish. Nature 402:709–802
Thresher RE (1984) Reproduction in reef fishes. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications, Neptune City, USA
Warner RR (1988) Traditionality of mating-site preferences in a coral reef fish. Nature 335:719–721
Warner RR (1995) Large mating aggregations and daily long-distance spawning migrations in the bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum. Environ Biol Fish 44(4):337–345
Watanabe WO, Lee CS, Ellis SC, Ellis EP (1995) Hatchery study of the effect of temperature on eggs and yolksac larvae of the Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus. Aquaculture 136:141–147
Whaylen L, Pattengill-Semmens CV, Semmens BX, Bush PG, Boardman MR (2004) Observations of a Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) spawning aggregation site in Little Cayman Island. Environ Biol Fish 70:305–313
Whaylen L, Bush P, Johnson B, Luke K, McCroy C, Heppell S, Semmens B, Boardman MR (2006) Aggregation dynamics and lessons learned from five years of monitoring at a Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) spawning aggregation in Little Cayman, Cayman Islands, BWI. Proc Gulf Caribb Fish Inst 59:479–487
Yoseda K, Dan S, Sugaya T, Yokogi K, Tanaka M, Tawada S (2006) Effects of temperature and delayed initial feeding on the growth of Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) larvae. Aquaculture 256(1–4):192–200
Zeller DC (1998) Spawning aggregations: patterns of movement of the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae) as determined by ultrasonic telemetry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 162:253–263
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Colin, P.L. (2012). Timing and Location of Aggregation and Spawning in Reef Fishes. In: Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y., Colin, P. (eds) Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations: Biology, Research and Management. Fish & Fisheries Series, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1980-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1980-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1979-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1980-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)