Abstract
Nafion has been the material of choice for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), but during the last two decades, considerable efforts have been made to find an alternative with similar or better physicochemical properties and with lower manufacturing cost. Developments over the last two decades have resulted to some novel membrane materials with improved properties. Among the materials researched and developed, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) has been the most promising and has the potential for commercialization. In this chapter, the properties of SPEEK and its characteristics are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Zaidi SMJ (2009) Research trends in polymer electrolyte membranes for PEMFC. In: Zaidi SMJ, Matsmura T (eds) Polymer membranes for fuel cells. Springer, New York
Maiyalangan T, Pasupathi S (2010) Components of PEM fuel cell. In: Al-Ahmed A (ed) Current application of polymers and nano materials. Trans Tech, Publication Ltd., Switzerland
Lakshmanan B, Huang W, Olmeijer D, Weider JW et al (2003) Polyetheretherketone membrane for elevated temperature PEMFCs. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 6(12):A282–A285
Kim DS, Guiver MD (2009) Development of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s for PEMFC and MDFC. In: Zaidi SMJ, Matsmura T (eds) Polymer membranes for fuel cells. Springer, New York
Jiang R, Kunz HR, Fenton JM et al (2005) Investigation of membrane property and fuel cell behavior with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) electrolyte: temperature and relative humidity effects. J Power Sour 150:120–128
Deb PC, Rajput LD, Hande VR, Sasane S, Kumar A et al (2007) Modification of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) with phenolic resin. Polym Adv Technol 18(6):419–426
Alberti G, Casciola M, Massinelli L, Bauer B et al (2001) Polymeric proton conducting membranes for medium temperature fuel cells (110–160°C). J Membr Sci 185:73–81
Genova-Dimitrova P, Baradie B, Foscallo D, Poinsignon C, Sanchez JY et al (2001) Ionomeric membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC): sulfonated polysulfone associated with phosphatoantimonic acid. J Membr Sci 185:59–71
Wang F, Hickner M, Kim YS, Zawodzinski TA, McGrath JE et al (2002) Direct polymerization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random (statistical) copolymers: candidates for new proton exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 197:231–242
Carretta N, Tricoli V, Picchioni F et al (2000) Ionomeric membranes based on partially sulfonated poly(styrene): synthesis, proton conduction and methanol permeation. J Membr Sci 166:189–197
Miyatake K, Shouji E, Yamamoto K, Tsuchida E et al (1997) Synthesis and proton conductivity of highly sulfonated poly(thiophenylene). Macromolecules 30:2941–2946
Kim YS, Wang F, Hickner M, Zawodzinski TA, McGrath JE et al (2003) Fabrication and characterization of heteropolyacid (H3PW12O40)/directly polymerized sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer composite membranes for higher temperature fuel cell applications. J Membr Sci 212:263–282
Kim YS, Wang F, Hickner M, McCartney S, Hong YT, Harrison WT, Zawodzinski A, McGrath JE et al (2003) Influence of the bisphenol structure on the direct synthesis of sulfonated poly(arylene ether) copolymers. J Polym Sci Part A 41(14):2264–2276
Harrison WL (2002) Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Tech Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
Rikukawa M, Sanui K et al (2000) Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers. Prog Polym Sci 25:1463–1502
Bauer B, Jones DJ, Rozière J, Tchicaya L, Alberti G, Casciola M, Massinelli L, Peraio A, Besse S, Ramunni E et al (2000) Electrochemical characterisation of sulfonated polyetherketone membranes. J New Mater Elect Syst 2:93–98
Soczka-Guth T, Baurmeister J, Frank G, Knauf R WO 99/29763
Smitha B, Sridhar S, Khan AA et al (2005) Solid polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell application – a review. J Membr Sci 259:10–26
Steck AE (1995) Membrane materials in fuel cells. In: First international symposium on new materials for electrochemical systems, Montreal, pp 74–94
Bonner WH (1962) US Patent 3065205
Attwood TE, Dawson PC, Freman JL, Hoy LR, Ross JB, Stainland PA et al (1981) Synthesis and properties of polyarylether ketones. Polymer 22:1096–1103
Helmer-Metzman et al (1993) EP0574791.AZ, Hoeclist AG
Wijers MC, Jin M, Wessling M, Strathmann H et al (1998) Supported liquid membrane modification with sulfonated poly (ether-ether ketone): permeability, selectivity and stability. J Membr Sci 147:117–130
Gates CM, Newman J et al (2000) Equilibrium and diffusion of methanol and water in a nafion 117 membrane. AICHE J 46(10):2076–2085
Devaux J, Delimoy D, Daoust D, Legras R, Mercier P, Strazielle C, Nield E et al (1985) On the molecular weight determination of poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK). Polymer 26:1994–2000
Xing P, Robertson GP, Guiver MD, Mikhailenko SD, Wang K, Kaliaguine S et al (2004) Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) for proton exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 229:95–106
Bishop MT, Karasz FE, Russo PS, Langley KH et al (1985) Solubility and properties of a poly(aryl ether ketone) in strong acids. Macromolecules 18:86–93
Huang RYM, Shao P, Burns CM, Feng X et al (2001) Sulfonation of poly(ether ether ketone)(PEEK): kinetic study and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 82:2651–2660
Bailly C, Williams DJ, Karasz FE, MacKnight WJ et al (1987) The sodium salts of sulphonated poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK): preparation and characterization. Polymer 28:1009–1016
Rozière J, Jones DJ (2003) Non-fluorinated polymer materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Annu Rev Mater Res 33:503–555
Lee HC, Hong HS, Kim YM, Choi SH, Hong MZ, Lee HS, Kim K et al (2004) Preparation and evaluation of sulfonated-fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s membranes for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Electrochim Acta 49:2315–2323
Kim DS, Liu B, Guiver MD et al (2006) Influence of silica content in sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether ketone ketone)(SPAEEKK) hybrid membranes on properties for fuel cell application. Polymer 47:7871–7880
Kim YS, Wang F, Hickner M, McCartney S, Hong YT, Zawodzinski TA, McGrath JE et al (2003) Effect of acidification treatment and morphological stability of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton-exchange membranes for fuel-cell use above 100°C. J Polym Sci Part B 41:2816–2828
Kreuer KD (2001) On the development of proton conducting membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cell. J Membr Sci 185:29–39
Li Q, He R, Jensen JO, Bjerrum NJ et al (2003) Approaches and recent development of polymer electrolyte for fuel cells operating above 100°C. J Chem Mater 15:4896–4915
Fontananova E, Trottac F, Jansen JC, Drioli E et al (2010) Preparation and characterization of new non-fluorinated polymeric and composite membranes for PEMFCs. J Membr Sci 348:326–336
Kerres J, Ullrich A, Meier F, Häring T et al (1999) Synthesis and characterization of novel acid-based polymer blends for application in membrane fuel cell. Solid State Ionics 125:243–249
Kerres JA (2001) Development of ionomers membranes for fuel cells. J Membr Sci 185:3–27
Gensler R, Plummer CJG, Kausch HH, Münstedt H et al (1997) Thin film and bulk deformation behavior of poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether imide) blends. J Mater Sci 32:3037–3042
Andrady AL, Nunez CM, Chiou B, Khan SA et al (2002) Rheology of concentrated solution of hyperbranched polymers. Polym Eng Sci 42(11):2065–2071
Koji N, Kaji K, Kanaya T, Fanjat N et al (2002) Theoretical calculation of reduced viscosity of polyelectrolyte solution. Polymer 43:1295–1300
Kerres J, Ullrich A, Meier F, Haring T et al (1999) Syntheses and characterization of novel acid base polymer blends for application in membrane fuel cell. Solid State Ionics 125:243–249
Bowen WR, Doneva TA, Yin H et al (2002) the effect of sulfonated poly (ether-ether ketone) additives on membrane formation and performance. Desalination 145:39–45
Chun YS, Kwon HS, Kim WN, Yoon HG et al (2000) Compatibility studies of sufonated poly (ether-ether ketone)- poly(ether-imide)- polycarbonate ternary blends. J Appl Polym Sci 78:2488–2494
Zaidi SMJ, Mikhailenko SD, Robertson GP, Guiver MD, Kaliaguine S et al (2000) Proton conducting composite membrane from polyether ether ketone and heteropolyacids for fuel cell. J Membr Sci 173:17–34
Zaidi SMJ (2003) Polymer sulfonation – a versatile route to prepare proton-conducting membrane material for advance technology. Arabian J Sci Eng 28(2B):183–194
Bauer B, Jones DJ, Roziere J, Tchicaya L, Alberti G, Casciola M, Massinelli L, Peraio A, Besse S, Ramunni E et al (2000) Electrochemical characterization of sulfonated polyetherketone membranes. J New Mater Elect Syst 3(2):93–98
Tchicaya-Bouckary L, Jones DJ, Rozière J et al (2002) Hybrid polyaryletherketone membranes for fuel cell application. Fuel Cells 2(1):40–45
Zaidi SMJ (2005) Preparation and characterization of composite membranes using blends of SPEEK/PBI with boron phosphate. Electrochem Acta 50:4771–4777
Wu H, Ma CM, Liu F, Chen C, Lee S, Chiang C et al (2006) Preparation and characterization of poly(ether sulfone)/sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) blend membranes. Eur Polym J 42:1688–1695
Irfan MI, Zaidi SMJ, Rahman SU, Ahmad S et al (2006) Synthesis and proton conductivity of heteropolyacids loaded Y-zeolite as solid proton conductors for fuel cell application. Micropor Mesopor Mater 91:296–304
Irfan MI, Zaidi SMJ, Ahmad S et al (2008) Proton conducting composites of heteropolyacids loaded MCM-41. J Power Sources 157:35–44
Ahmad MI (2005) Synthesis and characterization of composite polymeric membranes for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications. M.S. Thesis, Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of petroleum & Minerals
Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Emami SH, Ghaffarian R, Moaddel H et al (2008) Nanocomposite membranes made from sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and montmorillonite clay for fuel cell application. Energy Fuel 22:2539–2542
Chen J, Asano M, Maekawa Y, Yoshida M et al (2008) Fuel cell performance of polyetheretherketone-based polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by two-step grafting method. J Membr Sci 319:1–4
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Amir-Al-Ahmed, Sultan, A.S., Zaidi, S.M.J. (2012). Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) (SPEEK): A Promising Membrane Material for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell. In: Dr., I., Luqman, M. (eds) Ion Exchange Technology I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1700-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1700-8_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1699-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1700-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)