Abstract
Technology has been traditionally the realm of craftsmen working by rough rules of trial and error. The existing knowledge base was a mass of confusion in the absence of a unified understanding of the behavioral motion of solids and fluids [7, 31, 35]. The man of knowledge was a natural philosopher rather than a scientist.
The reawakening of scientific thought was brought about during the Renaissance Period (1400-1600) and carried into the period of the scientific revolution. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) has recently been credited for some fundamental contributions to solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and mechanical design much before the scientific revolution. His contributions appear in Codex Madrid I, one of two remarkable notebooks that were discovered in 1967 in the National Library of Spain (Madrid), after being misplaced for nearly 500 years, see [1, 45]. He correctly concluded that, in bending of beams due to transverse loads, plane cross-sections remain plane before and after bending and rotate as shown in Figure 5.1. Da Vinci lacked Hooke’s law and calculus to complete the theory; we had to wait for Galileo to improve this further before Euler and Bernoulli formed correct equations for simple bending.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ballarini, R.: The Da Vinci–Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theory? ME Magazine (2003), http://www.memagazine.org/contents/current/webonly/webex418.html
Bernoulli, J.: Curvatura Laminae Elasticae, Acta Eruditorum, Lipsiae (June 1694)
Bernoulli, J.: Discours sur les loix de la communication du mouvement, ch. 1-3. Prize Essay, Paris (1724)
Bernoulli, Daniel (1751) De vibrationibus et sono laminarum elasticarum commentationes physico-geometricae, Commentari Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. T.13 ad annum 1741 p. 43. p. 105.
Bruce, S.E. (1982) Kepler as Historian of Science: Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism According to De revolutionibus, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 126, p. 367.
Bucciarelli, L.L. and Dworsky, N. (1980) Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity, Springer.
Butterfield, H. (1965) The Origins of Modern Science, 1300–1800, Free Press.
Chladini, E.F.F. (1787) Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges.
Clagett, M. (1961) The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages, University of Wisconsin Press.
Cohen, H.F. (1994) The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Enquiry, University of Chicago Press.
Coulomb, C.A. (1784) Recherches théoriques et expérimentales sur la force de torsion, & sur l’élasticité des fils de métal: Application de cette théorie à l’emploi des métaux dans les Arts & dans Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc., USA.
D’Alembert, J.L. (1743) Traite de Dynamique.
Descartes, René (1984–1991) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, 3 vols., trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, D. Murdoch and A. Kenny, Cambridge University Press.
Dym, C.L. and Shames, I.H. (1973) Solid Mechanics, A Variational Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Dumas, M. (Ed.) (1962) Histoire Generale des Techniques, Vols. I–IV, Paris.
Euler, L. (1736–1770) Mechanica sive Motus Scienta Analytice Exposita, 1736, Sur la force des colonnes, Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften – Memoires de l’Academie de Berlin, Tom. XIII, 1759, p. 252, De motu vibratorio fili flexilis, corpusculis quotcunque onusti, Novi Comentarii Academiae Scientarum Imperialis Petropolotanae, Vol. IX, 1764, Genuina Principia Doctrinae de Statu aequilibri et motu corporum tam perfecte flexibilium quam elasticorum, Novi Comentarii Academiae Scientarum Imperialis Petropolotanae, Vol. XV, 1770.
Fox, C. (1950) An Introduction to the Calculus of Variations, Oxford University Press.
Galileo Galilei (1638) Discorsi e Dimostrazioni mathematische, Leiden.
Galileo Galilei (1974) Two New Sciences, trans. Stillman Drake, University. of Wisconsin Press,
Grant, E.: The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Hall, A.R.: The Revolution in Science, 3rd edn., Longman, pp. 1500–1750 (1983)
Hamilton, W.R.: On a General Method in Dynamics. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society, Part I, 247–308 (1834); Part II, pp. 95–144 (1835)
Han, S.M., Benaroya, H. and Wei, T. (1999) Dynamics of Transversely Vibrating Beams Using Four Engineering Theories, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 225(5), p. 935.
Kirchoff. G. (1876) Vorlesungen über mathematisch Physik: Mechanik, Leipzig.
Kranzberg, M. and Pursell, C.W. Jr. (1967) Technology in Western Civilization, Vols. I–II, New York.
Kuhn, T.: The Copernican Revolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1957)
Lagrange, J.L.: Mécanique Analytique, vol. 2, Gauthier-Villars et fils, Paris (1788)
Lanczos, C.: The Variational Principle of Mechanics. University of Toronto (1949)
Langhaar, H.L.: Energy Methods in Applied Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1962)
Leibniz, G.: Demonstrationes novae de Resistentia solidorum. Acta Eruditorum Lipsiae, 319 (1684)
Lindberg, D.C.: The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450. University. of Chicago Press, Chicago (1992)
Lindberg, D.C., Westman, R.S. (eds.): Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
Love, A.E.H.: Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Dover, New York (1944)
Mahanty, S.: Marie-Sophie Germain, The Remarkable Woman Mathematicians of France. Dream 2047 8(10), 38 (2006)
Maier, A.: On the Threshold of Exact Science: Selected Writings on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy. University of Pennsylvania Press (1982)
Mariotte, E.: Traits du mouvement des eaux, Paris (1686)
McGuire, J.E., Rattansi, P.M.: Newton and the ‘Pipes of Pan’. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21(2) (1966)
Lois, N.: De l’équilibre et du mouvement des corps solides élastiques, Paper Read to the Académie des Sciences, May 14 (1821)
Neugebauer, O.: On the Planetary Theory of Copernicus. Vistas in Astronomy 10 (1968)
Newton, I.: Principia Mathematica. Earl Gregg Swem Library. College of William & Mary (1786)
Prescott, J.: Applied Elasticity. Dover, New York (1946)
Rao, J.S.: Advanced Theory of Vibration. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1992)
Rao, J.S.: Dynamics of Plates. Marcel Dekker, New York (1998)
Rayleigh, J.W.S.: Theory of Sound, Macmillan, London. Dover Publication, New York (1945)
Reti, L. (ed.): The Unknown Leonardo. McGraw-Hill Co., New York (1974)
Ritz, W.: Über eine neue Methode zur Lösung gewisser Variationsprobleme der mathematischen Physik. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 135, 1 (1909)
Ritz, W.: Gesammelte Werke, Gauthier-Villars (1911)
Shapin, S.: The Scientific Revolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1996)
Singer, C., et al. (eds.): A History of Technology, New York, vol. I–V (1954)
Sokolnikoff, I.S.: Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1956)
Stokes, G.G.: On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, and of the Equilibrium and Motion of ElSstic solids. Cambridge Philosophical Society Transactions 8, 287 (1849)
Timoshenko, S.P.: On the Correction for Shear of the Differential Equation for Transverse Vibrations of Prismatic Bars. Philosophical Magazine 41, 744 (1921)
Timoshenko, S.P.: On the Transverse Vibrations of Bars of Uniform Cross-Section. Philosophical Magazine, 125 (1922)
Timoshenko, S.P.: History of Strength of Materials. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1955)
Timoshenko, S.P., Goodier, J.N.: Theory of Elasticity. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1951)
Todhunter, I.: A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials: From Galilei to Lord Kelvin. Dover, New York (1960)
Ullmann, D.: Life and Work of E.F.F. Chladini. The European Physical Journal – Special Topics 145(1), 25 (2007)
Varignon, P. (1702) De la Resistance des Solides en general pour toit ce qu’on peut faire d’hypothises touchant la force ou la tenacite des Fibres des Corps a rompre; Et en particulier pour les hypotheses de Galilee & de M. Mariotte, Memoires de l’Acadimie, Paris, p. 66.
Washizu, K.: Variational Principles in Continuum Mechanics, Report 62-2, University of Washington, College of Engineering (1962)
Washizu, K.: Variational Methods in Elasticity and Plasticity. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1982)
Weinstock, R.: Calculus of Variations with Applications to Physics and Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1952)
Westfall, R.S.: The Construction of Modern Science. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (1971)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Netherlands
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rao, J.S. (2011). Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. In: History of Rotating Machinery Dynamics. History of Mechanism and Machine Science, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1165-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1165-5_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1164-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1165-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)