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Cell Death in Mammalian Ovary pp 81–102Cite as

Autophagy

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Abstract

Autophagy is a physiological process conserved by evolution for the recycling of cell constituents, as organelles or fragments of cytoplasm. Autophagy does not cause loss of cell chemical components as the cell reutilizes them. The lysosomes are acidic vesicles delimited by a single membrane formed in the Golgi apparatus. They contain acid hydrolases for degradation of proteins; lipids, nucleic acids and glucids, and they fuse with diverse types of phagocytic vesicles. Autophagosomes contain undegraded cytoplasmic ground substance and recognizable organelles. The transformation of an autophagosome in an autolysosome occurs by the acquisition of lysosomal membrane proteins and the delivery of acid hydrolases. The autophagy mechanism is considered as a protective system; organisms in starving conditions, autophagy is a procedure to reduce metabolic demand by the cell and thus avoid death. On the other hand, autophagic cell death is a form of programmed cell death morphological and metabolic different from apoptosis. Autophagic cell death is accompanied by cytoplasmic vacuolization and activation of lysosomal enzymes. Due to the absence of a rupture of cell membrane and leak of cytoplasmic content, this cell death program is characterized by the lack of a tissue inflammatory response.

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Abbreviations

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

TSC:

Tuberous sclerosis complex

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

TSC:

Tuberous sclerosis complex

RER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

Atg :

AuTophaGy-related

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase

Vps34:

Vacuolar protein sorting 34

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

LC3:

Light chain 3 microtubule-associated protein 1

MPT:

Mitochondrial permeability transition

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

PAS:

Preautophagosomal structure (or phagophore assembly site)

PtdIns4P:

Phosphatidylinositol-4phosphate

PtdIns(4,5)P2:

Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate

PDK1:

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1

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  1. Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico, USA

    María Luisa Escobar, Gerardo H. Vázquez-Nin & Olga M. Echeverría

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  1. María Luisa Escobar
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  2. Gerardo H. Vázquez-Nin
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  3. Olga M. Echeverría
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Correspondence to María Luisa Escobar .

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Escobar, M.L., Vázquez-Nin, G.H., Echeverría, O.M. (2011). Autophagy. In: Cell Death in Mammalian Ovary. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1134-1_5

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