Abstract
As part of the UN-ECE Intensive Monitoring Program, data on precipitation, throughfall and soil solution concentrations are measured on a regular basis in approximately 300 forest stands. These data were used to construct element budgets for European forests. To construct such budgets drainage fluxes have to be modeled. In this paper, the research chain from model selection to data derivation and application of the selected model to 245 of the 300 sites is described. To select a suitable hydrological model the Cl− balance method, two capacity models (a multi and a single layer version) and a Darcy model have been applied to two forest sites. The results indicate that drainage fluxes calculated with the Darcy model are more accurate than fluxes derived with the capacity model, in particular in situations where water availability is limited. The Darcy model was applied to the sites using a mixture of generic data and site data. Despite the use of generic data, the calculated drainage fluxes appear feasible. Median transpiration fluxes were 350 mm and the lowest values are found in northern Europe and highest values are found in central Europe. Median drainage fluxes were 150 mm yr−1 with the highest values in areas with high rainfall. Uncertainty analyses indicate that the use of local instead of interpolated meteorological data leads to lower drainage fluxes at 70% of the sites. The median deviation in calculated drainage fluxes is 20 mm yr−1 . The use of local soil data had little impact on the calculated fluxes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arah, J. and Hodnett, M.: 1997, ‘Approximating soil hydrology in agroforestry models’, Agroforestry Forum 8, 17–20
Belmans, C., Wesseling, J. G. and Feddes, R. A.: 1983, ‘Simulation model of the water balance of a cropped soil providing different types of boundary conditions: SWATRE’, J. Hydrol. 63, 271–286.
Bouten, W. and Jansson, R. E.: 1995, ‘Water balance of the Soiling spruce stand as simulated with various forest-soil-atmosphere models’, Ecol. Model. 83, 245–253.
Boyle, G. M., Farrell, E. R, Cummins, T. and Nunan, N.: 2000, ‘Monitoring of forest ecosystems in Ireland’, Forest Ecosystem Research Group Report 48, University College Dublin, Ireland.
De Vissser, R and de Vries, W.: 1989, ‘De gemidelde jaarlijkse waterbalans van bos-, heide-en graslandvegetaties’, Rapport 2085, Stichting voor Bodemkartering, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Dise, N.B., Matzner, E. and Gundersen, P.: 1998, ‘Synthesis of nitrogen pools and fluxes from European forest ecosystems’, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 105, 143–154.
De Vries, W, Reinds, G. J., van der Salm, C., Draaijers, G. P. J., Bleeker, A., Erisman, J. W., Auee, J., Gundersen, P., van Dobben, H., de Zwart, D., Derome, J., Voogd, J. C. H. and Vel, E.: 2001, ‘Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems’, Technical Report 2001, EC-UN/ECE 2001, Brussels, Geneva, 166 pp.
Eurosoil: 1999, ‘Metadata: soil geographical data base of Europe v. 3.2.8.0’, Eurosoil, Ispra, Italy.
FAo: 1981, ‘FAo-Unesco soil map of the world 1:5.000.000’, Volume V Europe, UNESCo-Paris, 199 pp.
Gash, J. H. C: 1979, ‘An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 105, 43–55.
Gash, J. H. C., Lloyd, C. R. and Lachaud, G.: 1995, ‘Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model’, J. Hydrol. 170, 79–86.
Granier, A., Bréda N., Biron, P. and Vilette, S.: 1999, ‘A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands’, Ecol. Model. 116, 269–283.
Groenenberg, J. E., Kros, van der Salm, J. C. and de Vries, W.: 1995, ‘Application of the model NuCSAM to the Soiling spruce site’, Ecol. Model 83, 97–107.
Gundersen, P., Callesen, I. and de Vries, W.: 1998, ‘Nitrate leaching in forest ecosystems is related to forest floor C/N ratios’, Environ. Pollut. 102, 404–407.
Hendriks, C. M. A., de Vries, W., van Leeuwen, E. P., Oude Voshaar, J. H. and Klap, J. M.: 1997, ‘Assesment of the possibilities to derive relationships between stress factors and forest condition for the Netherlands’, Report 147, DLo-Winand Staring Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Klap, J. M., de Vries, W., Erisman, J. W. and van Leeuwen, E. P.: 1997, ‘Relationships between forest condition and natural and anthropogenic stress factors on the European scale; a pilot study’, DLo-Winand Staring Centre, Report 150, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Kros, J: 2002, ‘Evaluation of biogeochemical models at local and regional scale’, Ph. D. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 284 pp.
Leij, F. J., Alves, W. J., van Genuchten, M. Th. and Williams, J. R.: 1996, ‘Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database, UNSoDA 1.0 User’s Manual’, Report EPA/600/R96/095, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma, 103 pp.
Makkink, G. F: 1957, ‘Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters’, J. Inst. Water Eng. 11, 277–288.
Monteith, J. L.: 1981, ‘Evaporation and surface temperature’, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc. 107, 1–27.
Roberts, J.: 1983, ‘Forest transpiration: a conservative hydrological process?’, J. Hydrol. 66, 133–141.
Schaap, M. G., Bouten, W. and Verstraten, J. M.: 1997, ‘Forest floor water content dynamics in a Douglas fir stand’, J. Hydrol. 201, 367–383.
Tiktak, A. and Bouten, W.: 1992, ‘Modelling soil water dynamics in a forested ecosystem. III: Model description and evaluation of discretization’, Hydrol. Process. 6, 455–465.
Tiktak, A. and Bouten, W.: 1994, ‘Soil water dynamics and long-term water balances of a Douglas fir stand in the Netherlands’, J. Hydrol. 156, 265–283.
Tiktak, A., Bredemeier, M. and van Heerden, C.: 1995a, ‘The Solling dataset. Site characteristics, monitoring data and deposition scenarios’, Ecol. Model. 83, 17–34.
Tiktak, A., van Grinsven, J. J. M., Groenenberg, J. E., van Heerden, C., Janssen, P. H. M., Kros, J., Mohren, G. M. J., van der Salm, C., van de Veen, J. R. and de Vries. W.: 1995b, ‘Application of three Forest-Soil-Atmosphere models to the Speuld experimental forest’, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, Report 733001003.
Vanclooster, M. and Boesten, J. J. T. L: 2000, ‘Application of pesticide simulation models to the Vredepeel dataset I. Water, solute and heat transport’, Agric. Water Manage 44, 105–117.
van Wallenburg, C: 1988, ‘De bodemdichtheid van koopveen-, weideveen-en waardveengronden in relatie to bodemkenmerken’, Rapport 2040, Stichting voor Bodemkartering, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Wösten, J. H. M., Lilly, A., Nemes, A. and Le Bas, C.: 1999, ‘Development and use of a database of hydraulic properties of European soils’, Geoderma 90, 169–185.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Van Der Salm, C., Reinds, G.J., De Vries, W. (2004). Assessment of the Water Balance of European Forests: A Model Study. In: Wieder, R.K., Novák, M., Vile, M.A. (eds) Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3751-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0952-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive