Abstract
A new version (vl.7) of the Integrated Nitrogen in CAtchments model (INCA) was applied to the northern boreal Simojoki river basin (3160 km2) in Finland. The INCA model is a semi-distributed, dynamic nitrogen (N) process model which simulates N transport and processes in catchments. The INCA model was applied to model flow and seasonal inorganic N dynamics of the river Simojoki basin over the period 1994–1996, and validated for two more years. Both calibration and validation of the model were successful. The model was able to simulate annual dynamics of inorganic N concentrations in the river. The effects of forest management and atmospheric deposition on inorganic N fluxes to the sea in 2010 were studied. Three scenarios were applied for forestry practices and two for deposition. The effects of forest cutting scenarios and atmospheric deposition scenarios on inorganic N flux to the sea were small. The combination of the maximum technically possible reduction of N deposition and a decrease of 100% in forest cutting and peat mining areas decreased No −3 -N flux by 6.0% and NH +4 -N flux by 3.1%.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahtiainen, M. and Huttunen, P.: 1999, ‘Long-term effects of forestry managements on water quality and loading in brooks’, Boreal Environ. Res. 4, 101–114.
Arheimer, B., Andersson, L. and Lepistö, A.: 1996, ‘Variation of nitrogen concentration in forest streams-influences of flow, seasonality and catchment characteristics’, J. Hydrol 179, 281–304.
Bunnel, F. L., Tait, D. E. N., Flanagan, P. W. and Van Cleve, K.: 1977, ‘Microbial respiration and substrate weight loss. I. A general model of the influences of abiotic variables’, Soil Biol Biochem. 9, 33–40.
Comission, E.: 1999, ‘Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on National Emission Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants’, CoM (1999) 125final, Brussels, Belgium.
DeLuca, T. H., Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M.-C. and Sellstedt, A.: 2002, ‘Quantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forests’, Nature 419, 917–920.
Finér, L.: 1989, ‘Biomass and nutrient cycle in fertilized and unfertilized pine, mixed birch and spruce stands on a drained mire’, Acta For. Fenn. 208, 1–63.
Granhall, U.: 1981, ‘Biological nitrogen fixation in relation to environmental factors and functioning of natural ecosystems’, in P. Clark and T. Rosswall (eds), Terrestial Nitrogen Cycles, Vol. 33, Ecological Bulletin (Stockholm), pp. 131–144.
Granhall, U. and Lindberg, T.: 1978, ‘Nitrogen fixation in some coniferous forest ecosystems’, in U. Granhall (ed.), Environmental Role of Nitrogen-fixing Blue-green Algae and Asymbiotic Bacteria, Vol. 26, Ecological Bulletin (Stockholm), pp. 178–192.
Granhall, U. and Lindberg, T.: 1980, ‘Nitrogen input through biological nitrogen fixation’, in E. Persson (ed.), Structure and Function of Northern Coniferous Forests-An Ecosystem Study, Vol. 32, Ecological Bulletin (Stockholm), pp. 333–340.
Gundersen, P. and Bashkin, V. N. (eds): 1994. Nitrogen Cycling, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp. 255–283.
Heikkinen, K.: 1990, ‘Transport of organic and inorganic matter in river, brook and peat mining water in the drainage basins of the river Kiiminkijoki’, Aqua Fenn. 20, 143–155.
Jaakkola, A.: 1984, ‘Leaching losses of nitrogen from a clay soil under grass and cereal crops in Finland’, Plant Soil 76, 59–66.
Klöve, B.: 2001, ‘Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loads in peat mining wastewaters’, Water Res. 35, 2353–2362.
Kortelainen, P., Saukkonen, S. and Mattson, T.: 1997, ‘Leaching of nitrogen from forested catchments in Finland’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 627–638.
Lepistö, A.: 1996, ‘Hydrological processes contributing to nitrogen leaching from forested catchments in Nordic conditions’, Monographs of the Boreal Environment Research, 1–71.
Lepistö, A., Granlund, K. and Rankinen, K.: 2004, ‘Integrated nitrogen modelling in a boreal forestry dominated river basin: N fluxes and retention in lakes and peatlands’, Water, Air, Soil Pollut.: Focus 4(2-3), 113–123.
Lindén, B., Lygstad, I., Sippola, J., Soegaard, K. and Kjellerup, V.: 1992, ‘Nitrogen mineralisation during the growing season. 1. Contribution to the nitrogen supply of spring barley’, Swed. J. Agric. Res. 22, 3–12.
Maa-ja metsätalousministeriö: 1999, ‘Kansallinen metsäohjelma 2010’, Maa-ja metsätalousministeriö, MMM:n julkaisuja 2/1999, pp. 38.
Mälkönen, E.: 1974, Annual Primary Production and Nutrient Cycle in some Scots Pine Stands, Department of Soil Science, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki, pp. 87.
Martikainen, P. J.: 1984, ‘Nitrification in two coniferous forest soils after different fertilization treatments’, Soil Biology Biochem. 16, 577–582.
Martikainen, P. J., Nykänen, H., Crill, P. and Silvola, J.: 1993, ‘Effect of a lowered water table on nitrous oxide fluxes from northern peatlands’, Nature 366, 51–53.
Martikainen, P. J., Nykänen, H., Silvola, J., Alm, J., Lång, K., Smolander, A. and Ferm, A.: 1994, ‘Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from some natural environments in Finland’, in 6th International Workshop on Nitrous oxide Emissions, Turku, Finland, 7-9 June, pp. 553–560.
Ministry of the Environment: 1998, Water Protection Targets to 2005, Ministry of the Environment. The Finnish Environment 226, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, pp. 82.
Nieminen, M.: 1998, ‘Changes in nitrogen cycling following the clearcutting of drained peatland forests in southern Finland’, Boreal Environ. Res. 3, 9–21.
Perkkiö, S., Huttula, E. and Nenonen, M.: 1995, ‘Simojoen vesistön vesiensuojelusuunnitelma’, Vesija ympäristöhallinnon julkaisuja-sarja A 200, 102.
Persson, T. and Wirén, A.: 1995, ‘Nitrogen mineralization and potential nitrification at different depths in acid forest soils’, Plant Soil 168-169, 55–65.
Rankinen, K., Lepistö, A. and Granlund, K.: 2002a, ‘Hydrological application of the INCA (Integrated Nitrogen in CAtchments) model with varying spatial resolution and nitrogen dynamics in a northern river basin’, Hydrol. Earth System Sci. 6, 339–350.
Rankinen, K., Lepistö, A. and Granlund, K.: 2002b, ‘Sensitivity of the INCA model to N process parameters and hydrological input’, Integrated Assessment and Decision Support Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Meeting of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, 24-27 June 2002, University of Lugano, Switzerland, Vol. 1, pp. 317–321.
Regina, K., Nykänen, H., Silvola, J. and Martikainen, P. J.: 1996, ‘Fluxes of nitrous oxide from peat-land as affected by peatland type, water table level and nitrification capacity’, Biogeochemistry 35, 401–418.
Rekolainen, S., Kauppi, L. and Turtola, E.: 1992, ‘Maatalous ja vesien tila. MAVERON loppuraportti [in Finnish]’, Luonnonvarajulkaisuja 15. Luonnonvarainneuvosto, Maa-ja metsätalousministeriö, pp. 61.
Sippola, J.: 2000, ‘Estimation of soil nitrate in the spring as a basis for adjustment of nitrogen fertiliser rates’, Agric. Food Sci. Finland 9, 71–77.
Smolander, A., Kukkola, M. and Mälkönen, E.: 1998a, ‘Metsäekosysteemin toiminta typpikuormituksen alaisena’, in E. Mälkönen (ed.), Ympäristönmuutos ja meisten kuntO. Metsien terveydentilan tutkimusohjelman loppuraportti, Vol. 691, Metsäntutkimuslaitos, pp. 175–181.
Smolander, A., Priha, O., Paavolainen, L., Steer, J. and Mälkönen, E.: 1998b, ‘Nitrogen and carbon transformations before and after clear-cutting in repeatedly N-fertilized and limed forest soil’, Soil Biology Biochem. 30, 477–490.
Stottlemyer, R. and Toczydlowski, D.: 1999, ‘Nitrogen mineralization in a mature boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan’, J. Environ. Qual. 28, 709–720.
Syri, S., Johansson, M. and Kangas, L.: 1998, ‘Application of nitrogen transfer matrices for integrated assessment’, Atmos. Environ. 32, 409–413.
UN/ECE: 1999, ‘Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone’, UN/ECE Document EB/AIR/1999/1, United Nations, New York, Geneva.
Vuorela, A.: 1997, ‘Satellite image based land cover and forest classification of Finland’, Reports of the Finnish Geodetic Institute 97, 42–52.
Vuorenmaa, J., Rekolainen, S., Lepistö, A., Kenttämies, K. and Kauppila, P.: 2002, ‘Losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural and forest areas in Finland during the 1980s and 1990s’, Environ. Monit. Assess. 76, 213–248.
Wade, A., Durand, P., Beaujoan, V., Wessels, W., Raat, K., Whitehead, P. G., Butterfield, D., Rankinen, K. and Lepistö, A.: 2002, ‘Towards a generic nitrogen model of European ecosystems: New model structure and equations’, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 6, 559–582.
Whitehead, P. G., Wilson, E. J. and Butterfield, D.: 1998, ‘A semi-distributed integrated nitrogen model for multiple source assessment in catchments (INCA): Part I-Model structure and process equations’, Sci. Total Environ. 210/211, 547–558.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rankinen, K., LepistÖ, A., Granlund, K. (2004). Integrated Nitrogen and Flow Modelling (INCA) in a Boreal River Basin Dominated by Forestry: Scenarios of Environmental Change. In: Wieder, R.K., Novák, M., Vile, M.A. (eds) Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3751-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0952-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive