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Interventions Targeting Social and Vocational Dysfunction in Individuals with a Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

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Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Volume III

Abstract

Individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder are among the most marginalized of any chronic illness group, having poorer performance and outcomes in nearly every domain of health and functioning. Poor social functioning is now widely acknowledged to be a major indicator of the prognosis of schizophrenia as well as a major contributor to illness outcome. Social and functional disabilities have serious detrimental effects on the individuals’ quality of life and recovery, yet up until the twenty-first century treatment had largely been concentrated around symptomatic improvement, with the assumption that functional recovery would automatically follow. However, statistics on functional outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses suggest that this is in fact a relatively rare phenomenon. The definitions of “functioning” and “outcome” have also been poorly defined and inconsistent over the years, with alleviation of psychotic symptoms and decreased hospital admissions weighing heavily in the characterisation of improved functional outcome. In the last decade most studies have included a general measure of global functioning and/or education/employment as an indicator, but these performance measures have generally not been the primary topic of interest. Only recently has the incorporation of “social” functioning (i.e. social competence, independent living, community involvement and interpersonal relationships), been included as an important factor in overall outcome and moved into the spotlight as a major target for intervention. Historically, social skills training and cognitive remediation have been used to target deficits in social behaviour and cognition, respectively. However, new intervention strategies are being designed to target the underlying thinking patterns related to social interaction, termed social cognition. This chapter will review the different types of interventions that have been or are currently used to treat social and occupational dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum illnesses, and assess their effectiveness in terms of the immediate and longitudinal outcome.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

Anterior cingulate cortex

CAT:

Cognitive adaptation training

CBT:

Cognitive behavioural therapy

CET:

Cognitive enhancement therapy

CGI-CogS:

Clinical global impression of cognition in schizophrenia

CRT:

Cognitive remediation training

EMT:

Emotion management training

EQ:

Emotional intelligence/emotional quotient

EST:

Enriched supportive therapy

FEP:

First episode psychosis

GAF:

Global assessment of functioning

HoNOS:

Health of the nation outcome scale

ICCD:

International Center for Clubhouse Development

IPS:

Individual placement and support

MATRICS:

Measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia

MCT:

Metacognitive skills training

METT:

Ekman’s micro-expression training tool

mPFC:

Medial prefrontal cortex

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NET:

Neurocognitive enhancement therapy

NIMH:

National Institute of Mental Health

PA:

Picture arrangement

PACT:

Program of assertive community treatment

POFA:

Pictures of facial affect

QLS:

Heinrichs-Carpenter quality of life scale

RCTs:

Randomised controlled trials

SBS:

Social behaviour schedule

SCET:

Social cognition enhancement training

SCIT:

Social cognition and interaction training

SF-36:

36 item short-form health survey

SOFAS:

Social and occupational functioning assessment scale

SOHO:

Schizophrenia outpatients health outcomes

SSOS:

Scottish schizophrenia outcomes study

SST:

Social skills training

STS:

Superior temporal sulcus

TAR:

Training of affect recognition

TAU:

Treatment as usual

ToM:

Theory of mind

UCSD:

University of California at San Diego

UHR:

Ultra high-risk for psychosis

UPSA:

UCSD performance-based skills assessment

WT:

Work therapy

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for fellowship funding awarded to Dr Bartholomeusz.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Cali F. Bartholomeusz

  2. Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Eóin Killackey

  3. Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne Health, North Western Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Andrew Thompson

  4. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Stephen J. Wood

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Stephen J. Wood

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  1. Cali F. Bartholomeusz
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  2. Eóin Killackey
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  3. Andrew Thompson
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  4. Stephen J. Wood
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Correspondence to Cali F. Bartholomeusz .

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  1. , Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technolog, Haifa, Israel

    Michael S. Ritsner

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Bartholomeusz, C.F., Killackey, E., Thompson, A., Wood, S.J. (2011). Interventions Targeting Social and Vocational Dysfunction in Individuals with a Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder. In: Ritsner, M. (eds) Handbook of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Volume III. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0834-1_9

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