Abstract
When we discuss resource use in the future city, the main point of departure for this book is household consumption. That consumption also becomes our focus. This means that we concentrate on the effects of the consumption choices made by the households to a greater extent than the effects of pure efficiency gains in the production process. However, a large part of the resource use is obviously affected by how those goods and services are produced. So we have chosen to discuss even this area, if only summarily. This chapter discusses energy use that is not directly affected by household choices, that is the potential in the actual agricultural, industrial and service sector production.
Chapter written by Mattias Höjer. Section on “Foodstuffs Production” written with Christine Wallgren and Ronny Pettersson. Section on “Durable Goods” is written by Björn Granberg.
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Notes
- 1.
Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2009, 2009.
- 2.
Atkins, P. and Bowler, I. Food in society: economy, culture, geography, 2001, pp. 27–29.
- 3.
Atkins and Bowler 2001.
- 4.
Statistisk årsbok (Statistics annual) 2009.
- 5.
Atkins and Bowler 2001, pp. 29–32.
- 6.
Ibid., pp. 74–75.
- 7.
Molin, L. Mejerisektorn och den nya biotekniken (The dairy sector and the new biotechnology), 2002, pp. 37–39.
- 8.
Björklund, J., Limburg, K., Rydberg, T. “Impact of production intensity on the ability of the agricultural landscape to generate ecosystem service”, 1999.
- 9.
- 10.
See Chap. 28.
- 11.
Categories according to COICOP; Energy according to NR: Category 0511(Furniture, lighting, etc.): 8791 TWh; Category 07111 (cars, new): 6542 TWh; Category 07112 (Cars, used): 4624 TWh.
- 12.
Product life cycle is the time a product exists on the market, which in many cases can be a rather long time. The internal combustion engine and the refrigerator compressor have been on the market for the most part of a century, while the radio tube and slide rule have been replaced by other products.
- 13.
- 14.
Rosenberg, N. Exploring the black box, 1994.
- 15.
See Keller, M. et al. Intermodal comparisons of atmospheric pollutant emissions, 1998.
- 16.
Pädam, S et al. Rapid replacement of passenger cars – a pathway to sustainable mobility? 2003. The scenario supposes a completely new car park every 10 years.
- 17.
The information on the energy use of washing machines in 1973 and 1993 is taken from GEA 1995 and represent the more energy efficient of the machines then in use. See Heiskanen, E. Conditions for product life extension, 1996, 1.
- 18.
See Table 13.1.
- 19.
Jonsson, D. Indirekt energi för svenska väg- och järnvägstransporter (Indirect energy for Swedish road and rail transports), 2005.
- 20.
See www.iva.se/159/Projekt/Energiframsyn/Om-projektet/ for a description of energy foresight Sweden in Europe.
- 21.
Energianvändning i industrin (Industrial energy use), 2002.
- 22.
Carlsson-Kanyama A. et al. Possibilities for long-term change of city life: experiences of backcasting with stakeholders, 2003, Appendix 7.
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Höjer, M., Gullberg, A., Pettersson, R. (2011). Production. In: Images of the Future City. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0653-8_16
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