Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Climate, Grapes, and Wine: Structure and Suitability in a Variable and Changing Climate

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Geography of Wine

  • 6666 Accesses

Abstract

The geography of wine production worldwide results largely from the dependence on climates that provide the conditions needed to produce a quality product. Overall, the climate structure in a given wine-producing region largely determines the suitability of the region to different winegrape cultivars, the overall wine style produced there, and the economic viability of the industry. While the baseline climate determines the suitability, climate variability has a dominant effect on vintage-to-vintage variations in both wine quality and production. Additional challenges come from changes in climate that have altered the suitability of some regions for the better and challenged others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amerine, M. A. and A. J. Winkler. 1944. Composition and quality of musts and wines of California grapes. Hilgardia 15:493–675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amerine, M. A., H. W. Berg, R. E. Kunkee, C. S. Ough, V. L. Singleton, and A. D. Webb 1980. The Technology of Wine Making, 4th ed., Westport, CT: AVI Publishing Company, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreoli, R. and M. Kayano. 2005. ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in South America and associated circulation features during warm and cold Pacific Decadal Oscillation regimes. International Journal of Climatolology 25:2017–2030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bindi, M., L. Fibbi, B. Gozzini, S. Orlandini, and F. Miglietta. 1996. Modeling the impact of future climate scenarios on yield and variability of grapevine, Climate Research 7: 213–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bisson, L. F., A. L. Waterhouse, S. E. Ebeler, M. A. Walker and J. T. Lapsley. 2002. The present and future of the international wine industry. Nature 418: 696–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco-Ward, D., J. M. Garcia-Queijeiro, and G. V. Jones. 2007. Spatial climate variability and viticulture in the Miño River Valley of Spain. Vitis 46(2): 63–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branas, J. 1974. Viticulture. Montpellier, France: Dehan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield, R. E., M. J. Gawith, P. A. Harrison, K. J. Lonsdale and J. Orr. 2000. Modelling climate change impacts on wheat, potato and grapevine in Great Britain. In Climate change, climatic variability and agriculture in Europe: An integrated assessment. Final Report, ed. T. E. Downing, P. A. Harrison, R. E. Butterfield, and K. G. Lonsdale. University of Oxford: Environmental Change Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, S. 2006. The projected influence of climate change on the South African wine industry. Interim Report IR-06–043, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, T. R., M. L. Parry, and J. H. Porter. 1991. Climatic change and future agroclimatic potential in Europe. International Journal of Climatology 11:251–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chabin, J-P., M. Madelin, and C. Bonnefoy. 2007. The Beaune vineyards and global warming: Réchauffement climatique, quels impacts probables sur les vignobles – Université de Dijon. Proceedings of the Bacchus Symposium Dijon, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuine, I., P. Yiou, N. Viovy, B. Seguin, V. Daux, and E. Le Roy Ladurie. 2004. Grape ripening as a past climate indicator. Nature 432, 289–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crespin, Y., M. LeBerre, and P. Uvietta. 1987. The system climate-vine-vinegrower: example of a dynamic model. Bulletin de l’OIV 60:5–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, C., M. Halbleib, J. I. Smith, W. P. Gibson, M. K. Doggett, G. H. Taylor, J. Curtis, and P. A. Pasteris. 2008. Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States. International Journal of Climatology 28(15):2031–2064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Blij, H. J., 1983. Geography of viticulture: rationale and resource. Journal of Geography 112–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilley, M., 2000. Reducing vulnerability to climate variability in Southern Africa: The growing role of climate information. Climatic Change 45:63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duchêne, E., and C. Schneider. 2005. Grapevine and climatic changes: A glance at the situation in Alsace. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25:93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easterling, D. R. et al. 2000. Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events: A brief review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81: 417–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteves, M. A. and M.D. Manso Orgaz. 2001. The influence of climatic variability on the quality of wine. International Journal of Biometeorology 45:13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frauenfeld, O. W., R. E. Davis, and M. E. Mann. 2005. A Distinctly interdecadal signal of Pacific Ocean–Atmosphere interaction. Journal of Climate 18(11):1709–1718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fregoni, M. 2003. L’indice bioclimatico di qualitá Fregoni. In Terroir, zonazione viticoltura, ed. M. Fregoni, D. Schuster, and A. Paoletti, 115–127. Piacenza, Italy: Phytoline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnett, E. R., and M. L. Khandekar. 1992. The impact of large-scale atmospheric circulations and anomalies on Indian monsoon droughts and floods and on world grain yields: A statistical analysis. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 61: 113–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garreaud, R. D., 2000. Cold Air Incursions over Subtropical South America: Mean Structure and Dynamics. Monthly Weather Review 128: 2544–2559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garreaud, R.D., M. Vuille, R. Compagnucci, and J. Marengo. 2009. Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 281: 180–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, N. P., T. D. Kell, and P. D. Jones. 2006. Regional climate impacts of the Southern Annular Mode. Geophysical Research Letters 33: L23704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladstones, J. 1992. Viticulture and environment. Adelaide, Australia: Winetitles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladstones, J. 2004. Climate and Australian viticulture. In Viticulture 1 – Resources, ed. P. R. Dry and B.G. Coombe. Adelaide, Australia: Winetitles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glantz, M., 2001. Currents of change: Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on climate and society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godden, P. and M. Gishen. 2005. Trends in the composition of Australian wine. The Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal 20(5): 21–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, N.D. 1986. The Southern Oscillation and New Zealand weather. Monthly Weather Review 114: 371–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grifoni, D., M. Mancini, G. Maracchi, S. Orlandini, and G. Zipoli. 2006. Analysis of Italian wine quality using freely available meteorological information. American Journal Enology and Viticulture 57: 339–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, A. M., V. R. Barros, and M. E. Doyle. 2000. Climate variability in southern South America associated with El Niño and La Niña events. Journal of Climate 13: 35–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, A. M., and R. G. Tedeschi. 2009. ENSO and extreme rainfall events in South America. Journal of Climate 22: 1589–1609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, L., P. J. Hanson, W. Mac Post, D. P. Kaiser, B. Yang, R. Nemani, S. G. Pallardy, and T. Meyers. 2008. The 2007 eastern U.S. spring freeze: Increased cold damage in a warming world? BioScience 58 (3): 253–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. and G. V. Jones. 2008. Effect of potential atmospheric warming on temperature based indices describing Australian winegrape growing conditions. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 15 (2): 97–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. and G.V. Jones. 2010. Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape growing regions in Australia. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 16: 389–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendon, H. H., D. W. J. Thompson, and M. C. Wheeler. 2007. Australian rainfall and surface temperature variations associated with the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode. Journal of Climate 20: 2452–2467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hijmans, R. J., S. E. Cameron, J. L. Parra, P. G. Jones and A. Jarvis. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965–1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huglin, P. 1978. Nouveau mode d’évaluation des possibilités héliothermiques d’un milieu viticole. C. R. Acad. Agr. France 1117–1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huglin, P. 1986. Biologie et écologie de la vigne. (Ed. Payot: Laussane, France).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurrell, J. W. 2003. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate significance and environmental impact, ed. J. W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Visbeck. Geophysical Monograph Series 134.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC 2001. Houghton J. T. et al. Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of the working group 1 to the third assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC 2007. Alley R. et al. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Summary for policymakers. Contribution of the Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Secretariat (http://www.ipcc.ch/).

  • Jackson, D. I. and N. J. Cherry. 1988. Prediction of a district’s grape-ripening capacity using a latitude-temperature index. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 39 (1): 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. 1985. The World Atlas of Wine. 3rd ed., New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. 1997. A synoptic climatological assessment of viticultural phenology. Dissertation, University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. and R. E. Davis. 2000a. Using a synoptic climatological approach to understand climate/viticulture relationships. International Journal of Climatology 20: 813–837.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. and R. E. Davis. 2000b. Climate influences on grapevine phenology, grape composition, and wine production and quality for Bordeaux, France. American Journal of Viticulture and Enology 51(3): 249–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. and E. Hellman. 2003. Site Assessment. In Oregon Viticulture, ed. E. Hellman, 5th edition, 44–50. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V., 2005. Climate change in the western United States grape growing regions. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 689: 41–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V., M. A. White, O. R. Cooper, and K. Storchmann. 2005a. Climate change and global wine quality. Climatic Change 73 (3): 319–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V., E. Duchêne, D. Tomasi, J. Yuste, O. Braslavksa, H. Schultz, C. Martinez, S. Boso, F. Langellier, C. Perruchot, and G. Guimberteau. 2005b. Changes in European Winegrape Phenology and Relationships with Climate. GESCO Proceedings, August 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. 2006. Climate and terroir: Impacts of climate variability and change on wine. In Fine wine and terroir – the geoscience perspective, ed. R. W. Macqueen, and L. D. Meinert. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series Number 9, Geological Association of Canada, St. John’s, Newfoundland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. 2007. Climate change and the global wine industry. Proceedings from the 13 th Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference. Adelaide, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V. and G. B. Goodrich. 2008. Influence of climate variability on wine region in the western USA and on wine quality in the Napa Valley. Climate Research 35: 241–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. V., B. Bois, M. Moriondo, A. Hall, and A. Duff. 2009. Analysis of the spatial climate structure in viticulture regions worldwide. Proceedings of the 7 th General Assembly of the International Organization of Vine and Wine. Zagreb, Croatia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G.V. A.A. Duff, A. Hall, and J. Myers. 2010. Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape growing regions in the western United States. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 61: 313–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandji, S. T., L. Verchot, and J. Mackensen. 2006. Climate change climate and variability in southern Africa: Impacts and adaptation in the agricultural sector. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl, T. R., P. D. Jones, R. W. Knight, G. Kukla, N. Plummer, V. Razuvayev, K. P. Gallo, J. Lindseay, R. J. Charlson and T. C. Peterson. 1993. A new perspective on global warming: Asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74: 1007–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayano, M. T., C. P. Oliveira, and R. V. Andreoli. 2009. Interannual relations between South American rainfall and tropical sea surface temperature anomalies before and after 1976. International Journal of Climatology 29: 1439–1448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, G. J. and P. A. Harrison. 1992. The effects of climate variability and change on grape suitability in Europe. Journal of Wine Research 3: 163–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, G. J. and J. Shao. 1992. An Assessment of a latitude-temperature index for predicting climate suitability for grapes in Europe. Journal of Horticultural Science 67 (2): 239–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kliewer, W. M. and R. E. Torres. 1972. Effect of controlled day and night temperatures on grape coloration. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 23: 71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köppen, W., 1931. Grundiss der Klimakunde. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Roy Ladurie, E., 1971. Times of feast, times of famine: a history of climate since the year 1000. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebon, E., 2002. Changements climatiques: quelles conséquences pour la viticulture. CR 6ième Rencontres Rhodaniennes. pp. 31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobell, D. B., C. B. Field, K. N. Cahill, and C. Bonfils. 2006. Impacts of future climate change on California perennial crop yields: Model projections with climate and crop ­uncertainties. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 141 (2–4): 208–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lough, J. M., T. M. L. Wigley, and J. P. Palutikof. 1983. Climate and climate impact scenarios for Europe in a warmer world. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22: 1673–1684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mantua, N. J. and S. R. Hare. 2002. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Oceanography 58: 35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, S. J. and M. R. Jury. 1997. Climatic variability and change over southern Africa: a reflection on underlying processes. Progress in Physical Geography 21(1): 23–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu, P. P., R. T. Sutton, B. Dong, and M. Collins. 2004. Predictability of winter climate over the north Atlantic European region during ENSO events. Journal of Climate 17: 1953–1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. A. and M. M. Anderson. 1988. Fruit ripening in Vitis vinifera L.: responses to seasonal water deficits. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 39 (4): 313–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, M., Wine Enthusiast’s 2002 Vintage Chart. The Wine Enthusiast Magazine (http://www.winemag.com/vintage.cfm).

  • McInnes, K. L., P. H. Whetton, L. Webb, and K. J. Hennessy. 2003. Climate change projections for Australian viticultural regions. The Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker February 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, G. N., L. A. Lider, and N. L. Ferrari. 1982. The chronological classification of grapevine phenology. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 33 (2): 80–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, A. and P. Fabian. 1999. Growing season extended in Europe. Nature 397:659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misra, V. 2003. The influence of Pacific SST variability on the precipitation over southern Africa. Journal of Climate 16: 2408–2418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moonen, A. C., L. Ercoli, M. Mariotti, and A. Masoni. 2002. Climate change in Italy indicated by agrometeorological indices over 122 years. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 111: 13–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, K., S. Sugaya, and H. Gemma. 2005. Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition. Scientia Horticulturae 105: 319–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins, M. G., A. Bouquet, and L. E. Williams. 1992. Biology of the Grapevine. UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemani, R. R., M. A. White, D. R. Cayan, G. V. Jones, S. W. Running, and J. C. Coughlan. 2001. Asymmetric climatic warming improves California vintages. Climate Research 19 (1): 25–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, N. 2009. Drought in southern Australia: trends, causes, impacts. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography. Melbourne, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, N., 1985. Impact of the Southern Oscillation on Australian crops. Journal of Climatology 5: 553–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paegle, J. N., and K. C. Mo. 2002. Linkages between summer rainfall variability over South America and sea surface temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate 15: 1389–1407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peel, M., C. B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. McMahon. 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth Systems Science 11: 1633–1644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penning-Roswell, E. 1989. Wines of Bordeaux, 6th ed., London/New York: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezza, A. B., T. Durrant, I. Simmonds, and I. Smith. 2008. Southern hemisphere synoptic behavior in extreme phases of SAM, ENSO, sea ice extent, and southern Australia rainfall. Journal of Climate 21: 5566–5584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, C. 1988. Variations in the spring-summer climate of central Europe from the High Middle Ages to 1850. In Long and Short Term Variability of Climate, ed. H. Wanner and U. Siegenthaler 57–82. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Podestá, G. P., D. Letson, C. Messina, F. Royce, R. A. Ferreyra, J. W. Jones, J. W. Hansen, I. Llovet, M. Grondona, and J. J. O’Brien. 2002. Use of ENSO related climate information in agricultural decision making in Argentina: A pilot experience. Agricultural Systems 74: 371–392.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, V. D., M. L. Gallani, P. R. Rowntree and R. A. Stratton. 2000. The impact of new physical parameterizations in the Hadley Centre climate model – HadAM3. Climate Dynamics 16: 123–146.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Power, S., F. Tseitkin, V. Mehta, B. Lavery, S. Torok, and N. J. Holbrook. 1999. Decadal climate variability in Australia during the twentieth century. International Journal of Climatology 19: 169–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, J. A. 1965. The climatology of the vine (Vitis vinifera L.) the cool limits of cultivation. Transcriptions of the Royal Society of Southern Australia 89: 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, M.C., Jones, G.V. and J. A. Martínez-Casasnovas. 2008. Structure and trends in climate parameters affecting winegrape production in northeast Spain. Climate Research 38:1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reason, C. J. C. and M. Rouault. 2002. ENSO-like decadal variability and South African rainfall. Geophysical Research Letters 29 (13): 1638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, R. and G. V. Jones. 2009. Analysis of the Köppen climate classification characteristics of global wine regions. SOAR: Southern Oregon Arts and Research, 2009 Annual Symposium. Ashland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renner, B. 1989. The shape of things to come. Wine and Spirit December 1989: 55–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodó, X. and F. A. Comín. 2000. Links between large-scale anomalies, rainfall and wine quality in the Iberian Peninsula during the last three decades. Global Change Biology 6 (3): 267–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, J. M. et al. 2005. Main conclusions from the preliminary assessment of the impacts in Spain due to the effects of Climate Change. Project ECCE. Ministry of the Environment and the University of Castilla-La Mancha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, C. and D. Hillel. 2007. Climate variability and the global harvest: Impacts of El Niño and other oscillations on agro-ecosystems. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roujou de Boubee, D., C. Van Leeuwen, and D. Dubourdieu. 2000. Organoleptic impact of 2-methoxypyrazine on red Bordeaux and Loire wines. Effect of environmental conditions on concentrations in grapes during ripening. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 48 (10): 4830–4834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schär, C., P. L. Vidale, D. Lüthi, C. Frei, C. Häberli, M. A. Liniger, and C. Appenzeller. 2004. The role of increasing temperature variability for European summer heat waves. Nature 427: 332–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, H. R. 2000. Climate change and viticulture: A European perspective on climatology, carbon dioxide, and UV-B effects. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 6: 2–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selley, R. C. 2008. The winelands of Britain: Past present and prospective. 2nd edition. Surrey, England, Petravin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siebert, T. E.; C. Wood, G. M. Elsey, and A. P. Pollnitz. 2008. Determination of rotundone, the pepper aroma impact compound, in grapes and wine. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 56: 3745–3748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smart, R. E. and P. R. Dry. 1980. A climatic classification for Australian viticultural regions. Australian Grapegrower and Winemaker 17: 8–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Souriau, A., and P. Yiou. 2001. Grape harvest dates for checking NAO paleoreconstructions, Geophysical Research Letters 28 (20): 3895–3896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, T. 2001. New sothebys wine encyclopedia: A comprehensive reference guide to the wines of the world. 3rd ed. Dorling Kindersley, London.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock, M. 2005. Klimaveränderungen fordern die Winzer – Bereitschaft zur Anpassung ist erforderlich; Geisenheimer Berichte. Band 57: 29–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stock, M., F. W. Gerstengarbe, T. Kartschall, and P.C. Werner. 2005. Reliability of climate change impact assessments for viticulture. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 689: Proceedings from the VII International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology. Davis, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate, A. B. 2001. Global warming’s impact on wine. Journal of Wine Research 12 (2): 95–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, M. C., R. Washington, R. A. Cheke, and D. R. Kniveton. 2002. Brown locust outbreaks and climate variability in southern Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonietto, J. 1999. Les macroclimats viticoles mondiaux et l’influence du mésoclimat sur la typicité de la Syrah et du Muscat de Hambourg dans le sud de la France: méthodologie de caractérisation. (Thèse Doctorat). École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier - ENSA-M. 233p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonietto, J. and A. Carbonneau. 2004. A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 124: 81–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K. E. and J. W. Hurrell. 1994. Decadal atmospheric–ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics 9: 303–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson, P. D. 1986. Climatic change and variability over southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ummenhofer, C. C., M. H. England, P. C. McIntosh, G. A. Meyers, M. J. Pook, J. S. Risbey, A. S. Gupta, and A. S. Taschetto. 2009. What causes southeast Australia’s worst droughts? Geophysical Research Letters 36: L04706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ummenhofer, C. C., and M. H. England. 2007. Interannual extremes in New Zealand precipitation linked to modes of Southern Hemisphere climate variability. Journal of Climate 20: 5418–5440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valimba P., P. Camberlin, Y. Richard, E. Servat, and D. Hughes. 2006. Influences of ENSO and SST variations on the interannual variability of rainfall amounts in southern Africa. In Climate variability and change: hydrological impacts, ed. E. S. Demuth, A. Gustard, E. Planos, F. Scatena, and E. Servat. 362–368, Wallingford U.K. and Paris: AISH, UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vera, C. S., and P. K. Vigliarolo. 2000. A diagnostic study of cold-air outbreaks over South America. Monthly Weather Review 128: 3–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vierra, G. 2004. Pretenders at the table – Are table wines no longer food friendly? Wine Business Monthly 11 (7): July 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivier, M. A. and I. S. Pretorius. 2002. Genetically tailored grapevines for the wine industry. Trends in Biotechnology 20 (11): 472–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, L. B, P. H. Whetton and E. W. R. Barlow. 2005. Impact on Australian viticulture from greenhouse induced temperature change. In MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, ed. A. Zerger and R. M. Argent, 170–176. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb L. B, P. H. Whetton and E. W. R. Barlow. 2008. Climate change and winegrape quality in Australia. Climate Research 36: 99–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, M. A., N. S. Diffenbaugh, G. V. Jones, J. S. Pal, and F. Giorgi. 2006. Extreme heat reduces and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (30): 11217–11222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, M. A., G. V. Jones, and N. S. Diffenbaugh. 2009. Climate variability, climate change, and wine production in the western United States. In Climate Warming in Western North America/Evidence and Environmental Effects, ed. F. H. Wagner, 77–88. University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. E. 2000. Grapevine water relations. In Raisin Production Manual, ed. L. P. Christensen 121–126. Oakland, CA.: University of California DANR Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, A. J., J. A. Cook, W. M. Kliewere, and L. A. Lider. 1974. General viticulture. 4th ed., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, T. K. 1997. Site Selection for Commercial Vineyards, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Winchester, Virginia, Publication Number 463–016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. W., M. D. Schwartz, A. N. Lakso, Y. Otsuki, R. M. Pool. and N. J. Shaulis. 2005. Climate change and shifts in spring phenology of three horticultural woody perennials in northeastern USA. International Journal of Biometeorology 49 (5): 303–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Geography and Environmental Studies, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, USA

    Gregory V. Jones, Ryan Reid & Aleksander Vilks

Authors
  1. Gregory V. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ryan Reid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aleksander Vilks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory V. Jones .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Lehigh County Government Center, South Seventh Street 17, Allentown, 18101-2401, Pennsylvania, USA

    Percy H. Dougherty

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jones, G.V., Reid, R., Vilks, A. (2012). Climate, Grapes, and Wine: Structure and Suitability in a Variable and Changing Climate. In: Dougherty, P. (eds) The Geography of Wine. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0464-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics