Abstract
Ineffective planning and implementation problems of urban residential plan in Umoja 1 have undermined the development of sustainable and livable urban community in line with the principles of affordable housing for eco-cities. Consequently, ex post measures designed to guide urban planning and implementation in the community have failed. Multi-story apartments are built in the community although these are not provided for in Umoja 1 residential comprehensive development plan. The project has failed to achieve its objective of building sustainable residential community due to several problems. For one, the planned capacity of roads and streets, water supply and sewerage disposal facilities can no longer cope with the new developments and/or those that result from unauthorized alterations of the original semi-detached units. Poor maintenance has degraded the roads and streets while social spaces are allocated and developed into private property. Chronic water shortage and periodic sewerage spills are common malaise in the community. Overstretched water supply and poor sewerage disposal systems have also exacerbated the problem. All these problems have severely altered the physical, ecological and social character of the community. Lack of consultation and participation of affected interest groups in implementation is one of the factors that have undermined sustainable urban development in the community. This chapter examines Umoja 1 residential plan and the challenges of plan implementation process. It focuses on factors that undermine sustainable development from eco-city perspective.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The views expressed here are the authors’ own and not necessarily those of the United Nations Centre for Regional Development.
References
Alexandria City Council (2008). Eco-city charter 2008. Alexandria, VA: Alexandria City Council. Environmental Policy Commission, Alexandria City Council; and The Urban Affairs and Planning Program, Virginia Polytechnic and State University – Alexandria Centre. http://www.alexandriava.gov/up/loadedfiles/tes/oeq/EcoCity/Charter2008.pdf. Accessed 26 September 2009.
Brightcloud, S. & Hancock, A. (2001). Tools for understanding and integrating sustainability: definition, concepts, framework, accountability, and planning. http://www.sustainablesonoma.org/resources/toolsforunderstanding.html. Accessed 17 September 2009.
Ecocity (2009). Welcome to ecocity world summit 2009, Instabul!. http://www.ecocity2009.com. Accessed on 18 September 2009.
Ecocity World Summit (2009). Announcing ecocity world summit 2009. http://www.ecocityworldsummit.org/index2.htm. Accessed on 18 September 2009.
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859): 1243–1248.
Hope, K. E., Sr. (1997). The political economy of policy reform and change in Africa: the challenge of the transition from statism to liberalization. Regional Development Dialogue, 18(1): 126–140.
Kenworthy, J. R. (2006). The eco-city: ten key transport and planning dimensions for sustainable city development. Environment and Urbanization, 18(1): 9–22.
Kenya, Republic of (1978). Human settlements in Kenya: a strategy for urban and rural development. Nairobi: Physical Planning Department, Ministry of Lands.
Kenya, Republic of (2004). Sessional Paper No. 3 on National Housing Policy for Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Housing.
McManus, P. & Haughton, G. (2006). Planning with ecological footprints: a sympathetic critique of theory and practice. Environment and Urbanization, 18(1): 113–127.
Mwangi, I. K. (1988). An appraisal of plan implementation and development control in Nairobi: a case study of Umoja I Estate. Nairobi: Department of Urban and regional Planning, University of Nairobi. M.A. (Planning) Dissertation.
Mwangi, I. K. (1997). Nature of rental housing in Kenya. Environment and Urbanization, 9(2): 141–160. http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/92/141. Accessed 4 September 2009.
Mwangi, F. (2009, September). Dagoretti area in a Shs 12 bn eco-city-plan. The People Daily, 28(2009): 3.
Nairobi Chronicle (2008a). Water rationing in Nairobi officially announced, Nairobi Chronicle, May 16, 2008. http://www.breakingnewskenya.com/2008/05/16/nairobi_water/. Accessed 3 August 2009.
Nairobi Chronicle (2008b). Water restored to Umoja amidst demolitions row. Nairobi Chronicle, June 21, 2008. http://www.breakingnewskenya.com/2008/06/21/water-restored-to-umoja-amidst-demolition row/. Accessed 23 August 2009.
Nairobi Chronicle (2009). Sewerage seeps into Nairobi water again. Nairobi Chronicle, January 15, 2009. http://www.breakingnewskenya.com/2009/01/15/sewarege-seeps-into-nairobi-water-again/. Accessed 3 August 2009.
Nairobi City Council, Ministry of Local Government and UNEP (2007). City of Nairobi environment outlook: executive summary. Nairobi: City Council of Nairobi.
National Housing Corporation (2008). Presentation on NHC to Kenyans in the diaspora. Nairobi: National Housing Corporation. http://www.nhckenya.co.ke/download/Presentation_to_Kenyans_in_the_Diaspora_Aug08.pdf, Accessed 23 October 2009.
OXFAM (2009). Urban poverty and vulnerability in Kenya: the urgent need for coordinated action to reduce urban poverty. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/conflict_disasters/bn-urban-poverty-vulnerability-kenya.html. Accessed 8 October 2009.
Orum, A. M. & Chen, X. (2003). The world cities: places in comparative and historical perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Regional Housing and Urban Development Office (1983). Final evaluation report: Umoja I Estate. Nairobi: Nairobi Regional Housing and Development Office.
Srinivas, H. (2009a). Sites and services. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/squatters/s-and-s.html. Accessed 20 September 2009.
Srinivas, H. (2009b). Urban development and poverty. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/squatters/urban-poverty.html. Accessed 20 September 2009.
Suzuki, H., Dastar, A., Moffatt, S. & Yabuki, N. (Eds.). (2009). ECO 2 Cities: ecological cities as economic cities. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
UNDP (2005). Linking industrialization to human development. Nairobi: UNDP Kenya. http://www.ke.undp.org/UNDP-4thKHDR.pdf. Accessed 26 October 2009.
UNDP (2006). Kenya human development report. Nairobi: UNDP.
UN-HABITAT (2005). Urban-rural linkages approach to sustainable development. Nairobi: UN-Habitat. HS/765/05E.
UN-HABITAT (2006). Case study of sites and services schemes in Kenya: lessons from Dandora and Thika. Nairobi: UN-Habitat. http://www.unhabitat.org/documents/docs/3659_64527_HS-111.pdf. Accessed 18 September 2009.
UN-HABITAT (2008). The state of African cities, 2008: a framework for addressing urban challenges in Africa. Nairobi: Economic Commission for Africa and UN-Habitat.
UN-HABITAT (2009). Planning sustainable cities: Policy directions. Global report on human settlement. London: Earthscan.
White, M. J., Mberu, B. U. & Collinson, M. A. (2008). African urbanization: recent trends and implications. In G. Martine, G. McGranahan, M. Montgomery, & R. Fenandez-Castilla (Eds.), The new global frontier: urbanization, poverty and environment in the 21st century (pp. 301–316). London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A World Commission on Environment and Development Report.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumssa, A., Mwangi, I.K. (2011). Challenges of Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of Umoja 1 Residential Community in Nairobi City, Kenya. In: Wong, TC., Yuen, B. (eds) Eco-city Planning. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0383-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0383-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0382-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0383-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)