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Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland pp 491–554Cite as

Pliocene Terrestrial and Marine Biota of the Tjörnes Peninsula: Warm Climates and Biogeographic Re-arrangements

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Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 35))

Abstract

A thick sequence of fossiliferous sediments on the Tjörnes Peninsula in northern Iceland records the vegetation, faunal and climatic histories of the northern North Atlantic region during the Mid-Pliocene Climatic Optimum. The Tjörnes beds are divided into three biozones, the Tapes Zone (ca 4.4–4 Ma), the Mactra Zone (4–3.6 Ma), and the Serripes Zone (3.6–2.6 Ma). The marine faunal assemblages in the Tapes and Mactra Zones are mainly boreal, but during deposition of the Serripes Zone, the fauna became greatly diversified with immigration of North Pacific molluscan species. These reached the North Atlantic at ca 3.6 Ma migrating through the Bering Strait and coeval with the final closure of the Central American Seaway. The closure changed partly the ocean current systems and induced a flow of surface water from the Pacific through the Bering Strait and into the Arctic Ocean and brought a tide of Pacific marine invertebrates into the North Atlantic. Plant fossils recovered from the Tjörnes beds originate from three localities. Sediments exposed at the Egilsgjóta (4.3–4.2 Ma) and Reká (4.2–4.0 Ma) localities are part of the Tapes Zone while those from Skeifá (3.9–3.8) belong to the Mactra Zone. The fossil flora does not show a distinct change from the oldest to the youngest sediments, but marks the last occurrence of warm temperate plant taxa in Iceland (Tsuga, Ilex, Pterocarya, large-leaved Rhododendron, Trigonobalanopsis). Relatively long-lasting warm conditions during the Pliocene were caused by the final closure of the Central American Seaway that started at around 5 Ma and the subsequent intensification of the Gulf Stream that brought warm water into the northern North Atlantic. A short cold spell at around 3.4 Ma as indicated by a shift in the oxygen isotope composition of fossil bivalves may reflect the first major glaciation in southeastern Greenland.

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Notes

  1. 1.

     Lusitanian denotes the marine fauna in the region between the English Channel and the Canary Islands.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

    Thomas Denk

  2. Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Friðgeir Grímsson & Reinhard Zetter

  3. Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Leifur A. Símonarson

Authors
  1. Thomas Denk
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  2. Friðgeir Grímsson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Denk .

Appendix 10.1

Appendix 10.1

Floristic composition of the Pliocene Tjörnes beds of Iceland compared to contemporaneous assemblages from the North American Arctic.

Tjörnes beds floras[65º 36¢  N, 17º 49¢  W]4.4-3.8 Ma This study

2

Equisetum sp.

1

aff. Huperzia sp.

1

Lycopodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

1

Lycopodiella sp.

1

Lycopodium sp.

1

Monolete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 3

1

Monolete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. 4

1

Osmunda sp.

1

Polypodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1

Polypodium sp. 1

1

Selaginella sp.

1

Sphagnum sp.

1

Trilete spore, fam., gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1, 3

Abies sp.

1-3

Larix sp.

1, 3

Picea sp.

1

Pinus sp. 1 (Diploxylon type)

1

Scyadopitys sp.

1

Tsuga sp. 1

1

Acer sp. 1

1

Acer sp. 2

1-3

Alnus aff. viridis

1-3

Alnus cecropiifolia

1

Angiosperm fam. gen. et spec. indet. C

1

Apiaceae gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1

Asteraceae gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1, 2

Betula sp.

1

aff. Calycanthaceae

1

Campanula sp.

1

Carex sp.

1

Caryophyllaceae gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1

Chenopodiaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

1

Cirsium sp.

1

Epilobium sp.

1

Ericaceae gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1

Euphorbia sp.

1

Filipendula sp.

1

Fragaria sp.

1

Ilex sp. 1

1

Kobresia sp.

1

Liliaceae gen. et spec. indet. 5

1

Menyanthes sp.

1

Monocotyledonae fam.et gen. indet. 1

1

Myrica sp.

1

Myriophyllum sp. 2

1

Persicaria sp. 2

2

Phragmites sp.

1

Plantago coronopus

1

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 1

1

Poaceae gen. et spec. indet. 3

1

Polygonum viviparum

3

Potamogeton sp.

1

Potentilla sp. 1

1

Pterocarya sp.

1

Ranunculaceae gen. et spec. indet. spp.

1

Ranunculus sp. 1

1

Ranunculus sp. 2

3

Rhododendron aff. ponticum

1

Rhododendron sp. 2

1

Rosaceae gen. et spec. indet. 11

1

Rubus sp.

1

Rumex sp.

3

Salix gruberi

1

Salix sp. 5

3

Salix sp. B (S. arctica type)

1

Sanguisorba sp.

3

Sorbus aff. aucuparia

1

Sparganium sp.

1

Tetracentron atlanticum

1

Thalictrum sp. 2

1

Trigonobalanopsis sp.

3

Vaccinium cf. uliginosum

1

aff. Valeriana sp.

1

Viscum aff. album

Beaufort Formation at Ballast Brook, Banks Island Arctic Canada [ca 74°20¢ N, 123°10¢  W]

5-3 Ma; Fyles et al., 1994

Site 9 Horizon A

2

Abies sp.

2

Picea sp.

2

Pinus undiff.

2

Pinus (Strobus) undiff.

2

Alnus incana type

2

Alnus sp.

2

Andromeda polifolia

2

Aracites globosa

2

Betula sp.

2

Carex spp.

2

Chenopodium sp.

2

Cleome sp.

2

Comptonia sp.

2

Decodon globosus type

2

Epipremnum crassum

2

Menyanthes(<2mm)

2

Myrica eogale type

2

Myrica sp.

2

Physocarpus sp.

2

Potentilla sp.

2

Ranunculus hyperboreus

2

Rubus sp.

Site 9 Horizon B

2

Picea sp.

2

Alnus incana type

2

Andromeda polifolia

2

Aracites globosa

2

Aralia sp.

2

Betula sp.

2

Carex spp.

2

Cleome sp.

2

Comptonia sp.

2

Cornus stolonifera type

2

Decodon globosus type

2

Hippuris sp.

2

Menyanthes (<2mm)

2

Menyanthes trifoliata

2

Microdiptera parva

2

Microdiptera/Mneme type

2

Nymphaea sp.

2

Nymphoides sp.

2

Polygonum sp.

2

Potamogeton sp.

2

Potamogeton bupleuroides type

2

Potampogeton filiformis type

2

Potentilla norvegica

2

Potentilla palustris

2

Rubus sp.

2

Rumex sp.

2

Verbenaceae

2

Viburnum sp.

Site 9 Horizon C

2

Larix sp.

2

Picea sp.

2

Alisma-Sagittaria type

2

Alnus incana type

2

Andromeda polifolia

2

Aracites globosa

2

Betula arboreal type

2

Carex spp.

2

Caryophyllaceae

2

Chenopodium sp.

2

Cleome sp.

2

Comptonia sp.

2

Cornus stolonifera type

2

Decodon globosus type

2

Epipremnum crassum

2

Glyceria sp.

2

Menyanthes trifoliata

2

Myrica eogale type

2

Nuphar sp.

2

Nymphaea sp.

2

Nymphoides sp.

2

Physocarpus sp.

2

Potamogeton sp.

2

Ranunculus hyperboreus

2

Ranunculus lapponicus

2

Rumex sp.

2

Sambucus sp.

2

Scirpus sp.

2

Sparganium sp.

Site 9 Horizon 3

2

Bryophyta

2

Larix sp.

2

Picea sp.

2

Pinus subsect. Eustrobi

2

Thuja sp.

2

Tsuga sp.

2

Aracites globosa

2

Betula apoda type

2

Betula arboreal type

2

Bidens cernua type

2

Bidens sp.

2

Carex sp.

2

Chenopodium sp.

2

Cleome sp.

2

Cornus stolonifera type

2

Decodon globosus type

2

Dulichium sp.

2

Eleocharis sp.

2

Hippuris sp.

2

Myrica eogale type

2

Potamogeton sp.

2

Potentilla palustris

2

Ranunculus hyperboreus

2

Rumex sp.

2

Salix sp.

2

Spirematospermum wetzleri

2

Viola sp.

Site 9 Horizon 4a

2

Bryophyta

2

Larix cf. L. groenlandii

2

Picea sp.

2

Pinus subsect. Cembrae

2

Alnus crispa

2

Betula sp.

2

Carex sp.

2

Populus sp.

2

Potentilla norvegica

2

Ranunculus hyperboreus

2

Ranunculus lapponicus

2

Salix sp.

Site 9 Horizon 73

2

Larix sp.

2

Picea sp.

2

Pinus densiflora/resinosa type

2

Thuja sp.

2

Alnus sp.

2

Andromeda polifolia

2

Aracites globosa

2

Betula arboreal type

2

Carex sp.

2

Caryophyllaceae

2

Chamaedaphne sp.

2

Cleome sp.

2

Cornus stolonifera type

2

Decodon globosus type

2

Dulichium sp.

2

Epipremnum crassum

2

Hippuris sp.

2

Menyanthes trifoliata

2

Myrica eogale type

2

Nuphar sp.

2

Physocarpus sp.

2

Ranunculus spp.

2

Rubus sp.

2

Rumex sp.

2

Salix sp.

2

Sambucus sp.

2

Triglochin maritimum

2

Viola sp.

Boldface indicates that the genus is present in the Tjörnes beds. Grey shading indicates that the genus is present in the younger Pleistocene or older Late Miocene formations. 1 = based on pollen, spores; 2 = based on leaves and/or fruit/seed fossils; 3 = based on leaf fossils

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Denk, T., Grímsson, F., Zetter, R., Símonarson, L.A. (2011). Pliocene Terrestrial and Marine Biota of the Tjörnes Peninsula: Warm Climates and Biogeographic Re-arrangements. In: Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland. Topics in Geobiology, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0372-8_10

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