Abstract
The design criteria for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and the sludge retention time, respectively, have a significant impact on micropollutant removal. The upgrade of an Austrian municipal WWTP to nitrogen removal (best available technology, BAT) resulted in increased elimination of most of the analyzed micropollutants. Substances, such as bisphenol-A, 17a-ethinylestradiol and the antibiotics erythromycin and roxithromycin were only removed after the upgrade of the WWTP. Nevertheless, the BAT was not sufficient to completely eliminate these compounds. Thus, a pilot scale ozonation plant was installed for additional treatment of the effluent. The application of 0.6 g O3 g DOC-1 increased the removal of most of the micropollutants, especially for compounds that were not degraded in the previous biological process, as for example carbamazepine and diclofenac. These results indicated that the ozonation of WWTP effluent is a promising technology to further decrease emissions of micropollutants from the treatment process. Additionally to the assessment of the removal potential for micropollutants, the technology was evaluated for the disinfection potential in regard to bacterial standard hygienic parameters and model viruses and the impact on acute and genotoxic activities. Furthermore the endocrine potential was investigated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ARCEM, 2003. Hormonwirksame Stoffe in Österreichs Gewässern – Ein Risiko? Austrian Research Cooperation on endocrine Modulators. final report June 2003.
Bahr, C., Ernst, M., Jekel, M., (2007). Pilot investigations covering the combined oxidative and biological treatment of sewage works effluents aiming at the removal of trace organics and active agents and at achieving enhanced disinfection (PILOTOX). Project report, Schriftenreihe Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin 5.
Bahr, C., Ernst, M., Reemtsma, T., Heinzmann, B., Luck, F., Jekel, M., (2005). Pilot scale ozonation of treated municipal effluent for removal of pharmaceutical compounds and pathogens - The Berlin study. Proceedings of the 17th IOA World Ozone Congress, 22-25 August, Strasbourg.
Benotti, M.J., Trenholm, R.A., Varnderford, B.J., Holady, J.C., Stanford, B. D., Snyder, S. A., 2009. Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in U.S. Drinking Water. Environmental Science and Technology 43, 597–603.
Clara, M., Strenn, B., Ausserleitner, M., Kreuzinger, N., (2004b). Comparison of the behaviour of selected micropollutantsmicropollutants in a membranemembrane bioreactormembrane bioreactor and conventional wastewaterwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment plantwastewater treatment plant. Water Science and Technology 50, 29-36.
Clara, M., Strenn, B., Gans, O., Martinez, E., Kreuzinger, N., Kroiss, H., (2005a). Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membranemembrane bioreactormembrane bioreactor and conventional wastewaterwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment plantwastewater treatment plant s. Water Research 39, 4797-4807.
Clara, M., Strenn, B., Kreuzinger, N., (2004a). Carbamazepine as a possible anthropogenic marker in the aquatic environmentenvironment : investigations on the behaviour of Carbamazepine in wastewaterwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment and during groundwater infiltration. Water Research 38, 947-954.
Daughton, C.G, Ternes, T.A., (1999). Pharmaceuticals and Personal care products in the environmentenvironment : agents of subtle change? Environmental Health Perspectives 107. 907–38.
DIN 38415-6, (2003) German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge - Subanimal testing (group T) - Part 6: Toxicity to fish; Determination of the non-acute-poisonous effect of waste water to fish eggs by dilution limits (T 6).
DIN EN ISO 6341, (1996) Water quality - Determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) - Acute toxicitytoxicity test.
DIN EN ISO 8692, (2004) Water quality - Freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae.
Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.
DIRECTIVE 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008
Esplugas, S., Bila, D.M., Krause, L.G.T., Dezotti, M., (2007). Ozonation and advanced oxidationoxidation technologies to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials 149, 631-642.
Halling-Sørensen, B., Nors Nielsen, S., Lanzky, P. F., Ingerslev, F., Holten Lützhøft, H. C., Jørgensen, S. E., (1998). Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environmentenvironment - A review. Chemosphere 36, 357-393.
Heberer, T. (2002a). Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicol. Lett., 131, 5–17.
Heberer, T. (2002b): Tracking persistent pharmaceuticals from municipal sewage to drinking water. J. Hydrol., 2661, 175–189.
Hollender, J., Zimmermann, S., Koepke, S., Kraus, M., McArdell, Ch., Heinzsinger, Ch., von Gunten, U., Siegrist, HR, (2009) Elimination of Organic Micropollutants in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgraded with a Full-Scale Post-Ozonation Followed by Sand Filtration, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7862–7869
Huber, M.M., Canonica, S., Park, G.-Y., von Gunten, U., (2003). Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals during Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 1016-1024.
Huber, M.M., Göbel, A., Joss, A., Hermann, N., Löffler, D., McArdell, C.S., Ried, A., Siegriest, H., Ternes, T.A., von Gunten, U., (2005). Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals during Ozonation of Municipal Wastewater Effluents: A Pilot Study. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 4290-4299.
Joss, A., Keller, E., Alder, A.C., Göbel, A., McArdell, C.S., Ternes, T., Siegrist, H., (2005). Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewaterwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment. Water Research 39, 3139-3152.
Joss, A., Zabczynski, S., Göbel, A., Hoffmann, B., Löffler, D., McArdell, C.S., Ternes, A. T., Thomsen, A., Siegrist, H., (2006). Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewaterwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment : Proposing a classification scheme. Water Research 40, 1686-1696.
Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., (2002). Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewaterwastewater contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 1202–1211.
Kümmerer, K., (2001). Drugs in the environmentenvironment : emission of drugs, diagnostic acids and disinfectants into wastewaterwastewater by hospitals in relation to other sources – a review. Chemosphere 45, 957-969.
Kümmerer, K., 2009. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part I. Chemosphere 75, 417–434.
Ma, T.H., Xu, Z., Xu, C., McConnell, H., Rabago, E.V., Arreola, G.A. and Zhang, H. (1995) The improved Allium/Vicia root tip micronucleus assay for clastogenicity of environmental pollutants. Mutat. Res. 334, 185-95.
Maron, D.M. and Ames, B.N. (1984) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. In Kilbey, B.J., Legator, M., Nocols, W. and Ramel, C. (eds.), Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, New York, pp. 93-140
Nakada, N., Shinohara, H., Murata, A., Kiri, K., Managaki, S., Sato, N., Takada, H., 2007. Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrinedisrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant. Water Research 41, 4373–4382.
OECD (2009) 21-day Fish Assay: A Short-Therm Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition. Guideline No. 230. Adopted 7 September 2009.
Palme, R., Möstl, E. (1994) Biotin-Streptavidin enzyme immunoassay for the determination of oestrogens and androgens in boar faeces. In: Advances of Steroid Analysis ´93 (S. Görög, ed.), Akademiai Kiado Budapest 94, (Proc. of the 5th Symposium on the Analysis of Steroids, Szombathely, Hungary), 111-117.
Poseidon, (2004). Assessment of Technologies for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Sewage and Drinking Water Facilities to Improve the Indirect Potable Water Reuse. EU project report Contract No. EVK1-CT-2000-00047.
Schaar, H., Clara, M., Gans, O., Kreuzinger, N. (2010) Micropollutant removal during biological wastewaterwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment and a subsequent ozonationozonation step. Environ. Poll., 158, 1399-1404.
Singh, N.P., McCoy, M.T., Tice, R.R. and Schneider, E.L. (1988) A simple technique for quantification of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells, Exp. Cell. Res. 175: 184-191
Staehlin, J., Hoigné, J., (1985) Decomposition of ozone in water in water in the presence of organic solutes acting as promotors and inhibitors of radical chain reactions. Environ. Sci. & Tech., Vol. 19, 1206-1213.
Sumpter, J.P., 1998. Xenoendocrine disrupters – environmental impacts. Toxicology Letters 102–103, 337–342.
Sumpter, J.P., (2008). The ecotoxicology of hormonally-active micropollutantsmicropollutants. Water Science and Technology 57, 125-130.
Ternes, T.A., 1998. Occurrence of drugs in German sewagesewage treatment plants and rivers. Water Research 32, 3245-3260.
Ternes, T.A., Stüber, J., Herrmann, N., McDowell, D., Ried, A., Kampmann, M., Teiser, B., (2003). Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater ? Water Research 37, 1976-1982.
Westerhoff, P., Yoon, Y., Snyder, S., Wert, E., (2005). Fate of Endocrine-Disruptor, Pharmaceutical, and Personal Care Product Chemicals during Simulated Drinking Water Treatment Processes. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 6649-6663.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kreuzinger, N., Schaar, H. (2011). Ozonation of Tertiary Treated Wastewater – A Solution for Micro Pollutant Removal?. In: Hlavinek, P., Winkler, I., Marsalek, J., Mahrikova, I. (eds) Advanced Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment: A Road to Safer Society and Environment. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0280-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0280-6_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0279-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0280-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)