Abstract
This chapter looks back at a decade of antitrust law decision-making in relation to the joint sale of exclusive sports broadcasting rights, more specifically competition concerns resulting from the behaviour of sellers of exclusive sports broadcasting rights. Primarily, three different joint selling decisions, particularly the UEFA Champions League case, the German Bundesliga case and the FA Premier League case, will be analysed with emphasis on the question of how the development of new media have had an impact on the way competition authorities are dealing with the public’s access to sports content when imposing remedies in these decisions. It will be examined whether these decisions have contributed to the public’s access to live sports coverage. Specifically, did the European Commission take into account the citizens’ right to information or did consumers’ interests prevail? Additionally, several national competition decisions will be touched upon in order to indicate how national competition authorities have fine-tuned the three landmark decisions in order to consider the public’s right to information.
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- 1.
CJ, Football Association Premier League Ltd and Others v. QC Leisure and Others and Karen Murphy v. Media Protection Services Ltd.
- 2.
Ibid., para 117, 124–125.
- 3.
Ibid., para 146.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
Saltzman 2000, 2.
- 7.
Subiotto and Graf 2003 , 590.
- 8.
- 9.
CJ, Coditel SA and others v Ciné-Vog Films SA and others, para 16
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
Scheuer and Strothmann 2004 , p. 4.
- 13.
- 14.
UEFA Champions League case, para 19.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
European Commission State aid E 3/2005 (2007), para 305.
- 19.
Rapid Press Releases 2002b, IP/02/1951.
- 20.
Toft 2006b, 6.
- 21.
Hatton et al. 2007, 348.
- 22.
Toft 2006a, 6.
- 23.
Van den Bogaert and Vermeersch 2006, 833.
- 24.
UEFA Champions League case, para 21.
- 25.
Ibid., paras 23, 197.
- 26.
Kienappel and Stein 2007, 11.
- 27.
Toft 2006a, 7.
- 28.
Subiotto and Graf 2003 , p. 600.
- 29.
UEFA Champions League case, para 27; German Bundesliga case, para 27; FA Premier League case, para 32 (f); Commission decision, 22 March 2006, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL (hereafter: FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL), para 7.2.
- 30.
UEFA Champions League case, para 30.
- 31.
Ibid., para 28.
- 32.
Ibid., para 29.
- 33.
Toft 2006b, 7.
- 34.
UEFA Champions League case, para 27.
- 35.
Subiotto and Graf 2003 , p. 600.
- 36.
FA Premier League case, para 36 (e) 37 (a); FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, paras 7.8–7.14; Kienappel and Stein 2007, 13
- 37.
See e.g.: Toft 2003, 10; UEFA Champions League case, para 25; German Bundesliga case, para 27; FA Premier League case, para 32 (e); FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, para 2.4.
- 38.
Toft 2006a, 6.
- 39.
- 40.
Subiotto and Graf 2003, 598.
- 41.
- 42.
Subiotto and Graf 2003, 605.
- 43.
Geradin 2005, 5.
- 44.
- 45.
- 46.
UEFA Champions League case, para 171.
- 47.
Toft 2003, 11.
- 48.
Toft 2006b, 8; Ungerer 2003, 9.
- 49.
UEFA Champions League case, paras 22, 34, 38, 158–161.
- 50.
German Bundesliga case, Annex Commitments of the League Association, para 6.1; FA Premier League case, para 32 (g); FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, paras 9.1 and 9.4.
- 51.
UEFA Champions League case, para 159.
- 52.
Ibid., para 161.
- 53.
FA Premier League case, para 36 (e); FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, paras 7.5–7.7; Rapid Press Releases 2005b, IP/05/1441.
- 54.
Kienappel and Stein 2007, 12.
- 55.
- 56.
Belgian Competition Council 2005, para 34.
- 57.
FA Premier League case, para 33, 37 (c)–(d), 41; FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, para 3.2.
- 58.
Toft 2006a, 7.
- 59.
Belgian Competition Council 2005, para 33.
- 60.
Ofcom 2009, paras 2.51–2.55.
- 61.
Ibid., para 2.53.
- 62.
Ibid., para 2.53.
- 63.
Ibid., para 2.54.
- 64.
- 65.
Ofcom 2009, para 2.54.
- 66.
Ibid.
- 67.
- 68.
- 69.
Rapid Press Releases 2005a, IP/05/62.
- 70.
Rapid Press Releases 2006, IP/06/356, 1.
- 71.
Rapid Press Releases 2003b, IP/03/1748, 2.
- 72.
UEFA Champions League case, para 169.
- 73.
Ibid., para 145.
- 74.
Ibid., paras 1, 145 and 175.
- 75.
Ibid., paras 154–157.
- 76.
Ibid., para 171.
- 77.
Ibid.
- 78.
Ibid., para 40.
- 79.
Ibid., para 98.
- 80.
Evens et al. 2011, 36.
- 81.
See e.g.: Rumphorst 2001, 3; Commission of the European Communities 2007, SEC(2007) 935, 79.
- 82.
UEFA Champions League case, para 40.
- 83.
Ibid., para 44.
- 84.
FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, para 5.1.
- 85.
Rapid Press Releases 2003b, IP/03/1748.
- 86.
FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, para 1.
- 87.
Evens et al. 2011, 36.
- 88.
See e.g.: European Commission 2005, para 14.
- 89.
MADUF (Maximizing DVB Usage in Flanders) is an IBBT-project. The objective of the MADUF-project was to generate an optimum model for providing mobile television services in Flanders via DVB-H and develop a proof of concept. For more information about this project, see: IBBT, http://www.ibbt.be/.
- 90.
See e.g.: Evens et al. 2008, 124–130.
- 91.
- 92.
Evens et al. 2011, 36.
- 93.
Toft 2006a, 4.
- 94.
- 95.
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport 2009, para 34.
- 96.
Grant 2009.
- 97.
According to Panasonic, the entire catalogue of YouTube videos is available, although it may take a day or two for a new one on the site to appear on Viera Cast (CNet News 2008).
- 98.
German Bundesliga case, Annex Commitments of the League Association, para 4.
- 99.
Evens et al. 2011, 36.
- 100.
FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, para 2.5.
- 101.
Ibid., para 1.
- 102.
Ibid., para 2.1.
- 103.
UEFA 2008.
- 104.
UEFA 2009, 3.
- 105.
Ibid., 4.
- 106.
Ibid., para 1.2.
- 107.
Pickles 2007, 18–19.
- 108.
Evens et al. 2011, 38.
- 109.
German Bundesliga case, Annex Commitments of the League Association, para 6.4.
- 110.
FA Premier League case, Annex: Commitments of the FAPL, paras 9.2–9.4.
- 111.
German Bundesliga case, Annex Commitments of the League Association, para 6.4.
- 112.
UEFA 2009, 8, 9 and 12.
- 113.
Ibid., 12–13.
- 114.
- 115.
Eufootball.biz 2009.
- 116.
- 117.
- 118.
- 119.
Bull 2010.
- 120.
See e.g.: Poncibò 2009.
- 121.
- 122.
UEFA Champions League case, para 27.
- 123.
Ibid., para 28.
- 124.
UEFA 2009, 5.
- 125.
Ibid., 4.
- 126.
Ibid., 5.
- 127.
German Bundesliga case, Annex Commitments of the League Association, para 3.4.
- 128.
Ibid., para 3.1.
- 129.
Santomier and Costabiei 2010, 47.
- 130.
Rapid Press Releases 2003b, 2.
- 131.
Parrish et al. 2010, 29.
- 132.
UEFA Champions League case, para 143.
- 133.
Ibid., para 152.
- 134.
Ibid., para 172.
- 135.
Ibid., para 171.
- 136.
- 137.
Ofcom 2008, para 8.25.
- 138.
Van Rompuy 2009, 120.
- 139.
- 140.
Ofcom 2009, para 12.40.
- 141.
Sportcal.com 2009a.
- 142.
Sportbusiness International 2008a.
- 143.
Lefever and Van Rompuy 2009, 257.
- 144.
Sportbusiness International 2008b.
- 145.
- 146.
- 147.
Lefever and Van Rompuy 2009, 257.
- 148.
- 149.
- 150.
Lefever and Van Rompuy 2009, 258.
- 151.
Berghen et al. 2009.
- 152.
See e.g.: Sportcal.com 2009d, e.
- 153.
Belgian Competition Council 2005, para 31 (6).
- 154.
Ibid, para 36; Court of Appeal of Brussels 2006, para 41.
- 155.
Court of Appeal 2007, para 41.
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Lefever, K. (2012). Joint Selling Remedies Package. In: New Media and Sport. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-873-6_9
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