Abstract
This chapter will discuss in depth the ‘list of major events’ mechanism, included in Article 14 of the AVMS Directive. The implementation of this Article in the different Member States will not be presented and analysed, but will only be touched upon when necessary. Section 14.1 will take a closer look at the origin and the philosophy of the ‘list of major events’ mechanism and will also discuss the criteria to designate events as being of major importance for society and the criteria to decide whether those events should be broadcast live. Section 14.2 will give an overview of a number of other constituent elements of this Article that are posing or could pose problems in the changing media landscape (e.g. ‘free-to-air television,’ ‘substantial proportion’). Section 14.3 will be structured around the problems of effective implementation of this mechanism.
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Notes
- 1.
Home Box Office, Inc v. FCC 567 F.2d 9 (D.C. Cir 1977).
- 2.
Boardman and Hargreaves-Heap 1999, 173.
- 3.
Gratton and Solberg 2007, 208.
- 4.
Fraser and McMahon 2002, 2.
- 5.
Fleming 1997, 282.
- 6.
European Parliament 1996.
- 7.
Castille 1997, 11.
- 8.
Oreja 1997.
- 9.
European Commission 1997, SEC(1997)0174/9.
- 10.
Recital 19 of the TWF Directive.
- 11.
European Commission 1997, SEC(1997)0174/9., para 3.
- 12.
Council of Europe 2001.
- 13.
- 14.
Council of Europe 2009c, 10.
- 15.
Council of Europe 2011.
- 16.
Commission of the European Communities 2003c, COM(2002) 778 final, 10.
- 17.
- 18.
DCMS 2005, 15.
- 19.
Craufurd Smith and Bottcher 2002, 120.
- 20.
Example: Article 153, § 1, 2° of the Flemish Community Media Decree; Article I, § 4 (1), 3° of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights 2001.
- 21.
Example: Article 4, § 2 (1) of the French Community Media Decree; Article 1 (2) (a) of the Decision No 8/1999.
- 22.
Example: Article 153, § 1, 2° of the Flemish Community Media Decree; Article I, § 4 (1), 4° of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights; Article 2 (1) (d) of the Decision No 8/1999.
- 23.
Example: Article 2 (1) (c) of the Decision No 8/1999; Article 153, § 1, 2° of the Flemish Community Media Decree states.
- 24.
Example: Article 2 (1) (b) of the Decision No 8/1999; Article I, § 4 (1), 2° of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights states; Article 153, § 1, 3° of the Flemish Community Media Decree 2009.
- 25.
Council of Europe 2002, para 10.
- 26.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 88.
- 27.
GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 113.
- 28.
Ibid., para 140.
- 29.
De Morgen 2011b.
- 30.
Broadcasting (Major Events Television Coverage) Act 1999 (Designation of Major Events) Order 2003.
- 31.
Reding 2004, 3.
- 32.
Article 1, § 1, 6° of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 33.
Broadcasting (Major Events Television Coverage) Act 1999 (Designation of Major Events) Order 2003.
- 34.
European Commission 1997, SEC(1997)0174/9.
- 35.
Commission of the European Communities 2003b, COM(2003) 784 final, 16.
- 36.
Ofcom 2008a, Annex 1.
- 37.
Article 1, § 1 (2) of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 38.
§ 5a of the Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting.
- 39.
§ 1 (2) of the Ordinance on events of substantial social interest.
- 40.
Article 2 of the Decision No 8/1999.
- 41.
Weatherill 2007, 236.
- 42.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07; GC, UEFA v European Commission,.
- 43.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 59; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 64; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 116.
- 44.
- 45.
European Commission 2010.
- 46.
GC2010b, para 82.
- 47.
Sportbusiness International 2008b.
- 48.
Ministry for Culture, Media and Sports 1997.
- 49.
Craufurd Smith and Bottcher 2002, 130.
- 50.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 56; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 60; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 52.
- 51.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 57; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 61; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 53.
- 52.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 70; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 72; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 103.
- 53.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 69; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 71; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 103.
- 54.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 102.
- 55.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 70; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 72; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 103.
- 56.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 120; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 102; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 136.
- 57.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 123; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, paras 103 and 105; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 127.
- 58.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 117; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 99; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 124.
- 59.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 118; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 100; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 125.
- 60.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 133; GC, UEFA v European Commission, paras 76 and 138.
- 61.
- 62.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2009.
- 63.
- 64.
- 65.
Raymond Boyle 2010.
- 66.
- 67.
Article 1, § 1, 10° of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 68.
Commission decision of 25 June 2007 on the compatibility with Community law of measures taken by Belgium pursuant to Article 3a(1) of Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities. OJ (2007) L 180/24, para 15.
- 69.
Article 153, § 1 of the Flemish Community Media Decree 2009.
- 70.
European Commission 2010.
- 71.
VRT 2009.
- 72.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 423.
- 73.
- 74.
Cricket Australia 2009.
- 75.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 423.
- 76.
Ibid., 423.
- 77.
Ibid., 423.
- 78.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 89.
- 79.
§ 2 of the Ordinance on events of substantial social interest.
- 80.
Article I, §3 (1) of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights.
- 81.
Article 4, § 3 of the Decree No 2004-1392.
- 82.
Article 3 of the Order designating events of major importance and determining the procedures for making them accessible).
- 83.
Ofcom 2008a, para 1.12.
- 84.
Ibid., para 1.3.
- 85.
Geey and Ward 2008, 4.
- 86.
- 87.
Ofcom 2008a, paras 1.3, 1.18, 1.19.
- 88.
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport 2009, paras 140–149.
- 89.
Ibid., para 145.
- 90.
Ibid., paras 140–149.
- 91.
- 92.
Lefever et al. 2010, 400.
- 93.
Harrison and Woods 2007, p286–287.
- 94.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, p417–418.
- 95.
Hitchens 2006, 224.
- 96.
European Parliament 1996.
- 97.
Committee of the Regions 1997, para 2.
- 98.
Commission of the European Communities 2007b, COM (2007) 391 final, 17.
- 99.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 410.
- 100.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, paras 51–53; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, paras 55–57; GC, UEFA v European Commission, paras 47–49.
- 101.
Council of Europe 2002, para 9.
- 102.
Harrison and Woods 2007, 282.
- 103.
Helberger 2005, 90.
- 104.
Harrison and Woods 2007, p7–10.
- 105.
Commission of the European Communities 2000, Notification of 14 July 2000, para 20.
- 106.
De Standaard 2008.
- 107.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 415.
- 108.
In 2002, the Danish Government decided to revoke the Danish Order including the listed the events (Revocation of the Danish Order on the use of TV rights to events of major importance to society. OJ (2002) C 45/7).
- 109.
Section 4 (2) of the Order on the use of TV rights to events of major importance for society.
- 110.
Commission decision, 2 April 2003, para 39.
- 111.
Ofcom 2009, para 3.49.
- 112.
Ibid., para 3.49.
- 113.
Frontier Economics 2009, 32.
- 114.
European Commission 2002a, para 2.4.47.
- 115.
Frontier Economics 2009, 32.
- 116.
Donders and Evens 2010.
- 117.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 414.
- 118.
Article 5a § 1 of the Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting.
- 119.
Ofcom 2008a, para 1.18.
- 120.
For example: Article 4 (1) of the Broadcasting (major events television coverage) Act 1999, Statute Book S.I. 28/1999; Article 3 of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 121.
Article 3, § 3 of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 122.
Article I, § 3 (3) of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights.
- 123.
- 124.
- 125.
Article I, § 3 (4) of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights.
- 126.
Article 5a, § 1 of the Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting.
- 127.
Article I, § 3 (4) of the Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights.
- 128.
Article 166 (1) (b) of the Broadcasting Act 2009.
- 129.
ACMA2006, 2.
- 130.
Section 115 of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992.
- 131.
Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 5.
- 132.
Subsection 115 (1AA) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 133.
Subsection 115 (1AB) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 134.
Parliament of Australia 2004, Bills Digest No. 73 2004-05; Subsection 115 (1AA) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 135.
ACMA2006, 2.
- 136.
Productivity Commission 2000, 435.
- 137.
- 138.
Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2010c.
- 139.
- 140.
Parliament of Australia 1998a, Bills Digest No. 6 1998-99.
- 141.
Paragraph 10 (1) (e) of Schedule 2 of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 142.
There are three situations in which a person is a programme supplier of a commercial broadcaster: (1) the person supplies or may be reasonably expected to supply a commercial television broadcasting licensee with two-thirds of its sporting programmes, (2) the person is a related body corporate of the licensee, or (3) where the ACMA declares the person to be a programme supplier for the purposes of the ‘must offer’ rules (Section 146D (2)–(5) of the Broadcasting Services Act).
- 143.
Commission of the European Communities 2003a, COM(2003) 541 final, 17.
- 144.
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport 2009, para 80.
- 145.
Article 4, § 3 of the French Community Media Decree.
- 146.
Article 2 of the Decision No 8/1999.
- 147.
Article I, § 3 (2) of the Austrian Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights.
- 148.
Lefever and Evens 2009a, 32.
- 149.
Commissie voor Cultuur, Jeugd, Sport en Media 2010, 6.
- 150.
Commission of the European Communities 2005, COM(2005) 204 final, 9.
- 151.
- 152.
- 153.
Vlaams Parlement 2008, 16.
- 154.
Ibid., 53.
- 155.
Article 2 of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 156.
Vlaamse Regering 2011a.
- 157.
Flemish Media Regulator 2011.
- 158.
Sportbusiness International 2008c.
- 159.
- 160.
The Guardian 2011.
- 161.
De Morgen 2011a.
- 162.
The Wall Street Journal 2011.
- 163.
Recital 25 of the AVMS Directive.
- 164.
Valcke et al. 2010, 276.
- 165.
YouTube 2011.
- 166.
Lefever and Werkers 2010, 217.
- 167.
Valcke et al. 2010, 276.
- 168.
European Commission 2005.
- 169.
ACMA2007.
- 170.
Article I, § 3 (1) of the Austrian Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights.
- 171.
- 172.
Article 1 (1) of the Broadcasting (major events television coverage) Act.
- 173.
Article 1 (3) of the Broadcasting (major events television coverage) Act.
- 174.
Irish Parliament 1999.
- 175.
Article 2 of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 176.
Commissie voor Cultuur, Jeugd, Sport en Media 2010, 6.
- 177.
Vlaamse Regering 2011b.
- 178.
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2009, 20.
- 179.
Productivity Commission 2000, 224.
- 180.
Ofcom 2009, para 4.74.
- 181.
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2009, 20.
- 182.
Standing Committee on Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts 2006, para 3.96.
- 183.
Article 1, § 1, 3° & 10° of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 184.
Free TV Australia 2009.
- 185.
Tennis Australia 2009.
- 186.
See e.g. Rowe 2009.
- 187.
Lefever and Evens 2009a, 33.
- 188.
Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering 2009, 233.
- 189.
De Tijd 2009, 7.
- 190.
De Marez and Schuurman 2010, 16.
- 191.
- 192.
Article 228 of the Flemish Community Media Decree 2009.
- 193.
Subsection 41A of Schedule 4 of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 194.
X 2009, 16.
- 195.
- 196.
See e.g.: Free TV Australia 2009, 19–21.
- 197.
- 198.
Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2010a.
- 199.
These reforms will take effect from 1 January 2011 (Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2010).
- 200.
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2010.
- 201.
- 202.
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport 2009, para 39.
- 203.
EICTA 2008a.
- 204.
EICTA 2008b.
- 205.
De Marez and Schuurman 2010, 6, 7, 10.
- 206.
- 207.
FIFA v. Commission, 4 October 2007, Case T-385/07. OJ (2007) C 315/41.
- 208.
UEFA v. Commission, 5 February 2008, Case T-55/08. OJ (2008) C 107/28.
- 209.
BBC News 2008a.
- 210.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 165.
- 211.
Ofcom 2009, paras 4.78 and 4.163.
- 212.
- 213.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 178.
- 214.
- 215.
Ofcom 2008a, Annex 1.
- 216.
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport 2009, para 76.
- 217.
For example, since 1988, the value of the European television rights for the Olympics has increased at a rate of 65 % per summer event and 77 % per winter event (Ofcom 2007b, 53).
- 218.
Free TV Australia 2009; GC 2010b, para 48.
- 219.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 146; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 142; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 183.
- 220.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, paras 141–145; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, paras 137–141; GC, UEFA v European Commission, paras 178–182.
- 221.
See business model of Formula One: infra.
- 222.
Kesenne 2011.
- 223.
Ofcom 2008a.
- 224.
Commission decision, 25 June 2007, para 7.
- 225.
Commission decision, 16 October 2007, para 7.
- 226.
Conn 2009.
- 227.
Sportcal.com 2010.
- 228.
A complete economic impact assessment of the ‘list of major events’ mechanism falls outside the scope of this book.
- 229.
- 230.
- 231.
Jeanrenaud and Kesenne 2006, 5.
- 232.
- 233.
Commission decision, 23 July 2003, para 33.
- 234.
Ibid., para 30 (h).
- 235.
- 236.
Sportbusiness International 2011a.
- 237.
Sportbusiness International 2011b.
- 238.
Barnet 2009.
- 239.
The New York Times 1996.
- 240.
Article 49 (1) of the Olympic Charter 2007.
- 241.
- 242.
Traditional coverage includes, at a minimum, for each country, coverage of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the Winter Games and the Summer Games, any medal rounds or other significant events featuring a competitor from such country, and any other major events which have traditionally been among the highest in terms of viewer interest within such country (IOC 2008, para 2.3).
- 243.
Free-to-air means broadcasting of audiovisual programming in a manner that approximately 95 % of television households within such country have access to and can actually receive such broadcasts, without any specific fee, charge or premium for the Olympic Games programming (IOC 2008, para 2.3).
- 244.
IOC 2008, para 2.3.
- 245.
The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia.
- 246.
For more information, see: House of Commons—Culture, Media and Sport Committee 2006.
- 247.
Free TV Australia 2009; Ofcom 2007b, 63.
- 248.
- 249.
Barnet 2009.
- 250.
Nicholas 2009.
- 251.
Jeanrenaud and Kesenne 2006, 5.
- 252.
European Parliament 2002, para 9.
- 253.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, paras 79–81; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, paras 144–148.
- 254.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, paras 84–96; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, paras 150–158; GC, UEFA v European Commission, paras 87–107.
- 255.
Revocation of the Danish Order on the use of TV rights to events of major importance to society. OJ (2002) C 45/7.
- 256.
Articles 5.1–5.3 of the Media Act of 29 December 2008; Articles 18–21 of the Media Decree of 29 December 2008.
- 257.
ICRI et al. 2009a.
- 258.
- 259.
Schoental 2006, 4.
- 260.
The contact committee is established pursuant to Article 29 of AVMS Directive.
- 261.
This principle of mutual recognition has been recognised in the TV Danmark case. For more information about this case, see: R. v. Independent Television Commission, ex parte TV Danmark 1 [2001] 1 WLR 74; House of Lords. R v. ITC, Ex Parte TV Danmark 1 Ltd, judgment of 25 July 2001, [2001] UKHL 42; Schoental 2006, 1–8; 2002, 107–133, Valcke et al. 2010, 296.
- 262.
Article 14 (3) of the AVMS Directive. Valcke et al. 2010, 296.
- 263.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 427.
- 264.
- 265.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, para 59; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 64; GC, UEFA v European Commission, Case T-55/08, para 74.
- 266.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 59.
- 267.
Ibid., para 60.
- 268.
Ibid., para 71; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 73; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 75.
- 269.
GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 74.
- 270.
Ibid., para 98.
- 271.
- 272.
Perrine 2001, 25.
- 273.
Healy 2009, 222.
- 274.
- 275.
German public broadcaster state aid case, para 301.
- 276.
Productivity Commission 2000, 437.
- 277.
De Standaard 2009.
- 278.
However, this match was broadcast on www.nieuwsblad.ne/sportwereld (Voetbalbelgië 2009).
- 279.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 168.
- 280.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 82.
- 281.
Parliament of Australia 1998b, Regulation impact statement, para 1.
- 282.
Subsection 115(1) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 283.
ACMA2006, 2.
- 284.
- 285.
Broadcasting Services (Events) Notice (No. 1) 2004—Explanatory Statement, Government Notices Gazette 19 May 2004.
- 286.
- 287.
- 288.
Parliament of Australia 1998b, Regulation impact statement, para 11.
- 289.
Ibid., para 7; Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 8.
- 290.
Parliament of Australia 1998a, Bills Digest No. 6 1998-99.
- 291.
Parliament of Australia 1998b, Regulation impact statement, paras 13 and 19.
- 292.
Ibid., para 20.
- 293.
Ibid., para 21.
- 294.
Ibid., paras 35, 36.
- 295.
Ibid., para 14.
- 296.
Ibid., para 22.
- 297.
Ibid., para 30.
- 298.
Ibid., para 23.
- 299.
Ibid., para 23.
- 300.
Ibid., para 27.
- 301.
Ibid., para 29.
- 302.
Ibid., para 37.
- 303.
Ibid., para 38; Parliament of Australia 1999a, Broadcasting Services Amendment Act (No. 1) 1999.
- 304.
Commercial free-to-air broadcasters include Networks, 7, 9 and 10 (Parliament of Australia 1998a, Bills Digest No. 6 1998-99).
- 305.
1 Australian Dollar (Section 146H (7) of the Broadcasting Services Act).
- 306.
Section 146A of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 307.
1 Australian Dollar (Section 146N (6) of the Broadcasting Services Act).
- 308.
Section 146A of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 309.
Ibid.; Section 146D of the Broadcasting Services Act; Parliament of Australia 1998a, Bills Digest No. 6 1998-99.
- 310.
ACMA is the Australian Communications and Media Authority. On 1 July 2005, the Australian Broadcasting Authority (ABA) was merged with the Australian Communications Authority to form the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA).
- 311.
Section 146D (2)–(5) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 312.
Parliament of Australia 1998a, Bills Digest No. 6 1998–99.
- 313.
Section 146E (1) & 146L (2) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 314.
Section 146F (1) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 315.
Paragraph 7(1)(h) of Schedule 2—Part 3 of the Broadcasting Services Act: “the licensee will not use broadcasting services in the commission of an offence against another Act or a law of a State or Territory”.
- 316.
Section 141 of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 317.
Section 143 of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 318.
2000 penalty units is currently 220,000 Australian Dollar (Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 11).
- 319.
Section 139 (2) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 320.
- 321.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.
- 322.
Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991.
- 323.
Sections 146E (2) & 146L (3) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 324.
Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 9.
- 325.
Sections 146K (1) & 146Q (1) of the Broadcasting Services Act, 5.
- 326.
Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 11 and 17.
- 327.
Ibid., 11; Australian Broadcasting Authority 2001, 24.
- 328.
Australian Broadcasting Authority 2001, 24.
- 329.
- 330.
- 331.
Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 23.
- 332.
Communications (Redundant Regulation) Instrument of Revocation (No. 1) 2009.
- 333.
Section 146G (1) & 146M (1) of the Broadcasting Services Act; Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 10.
- 334.
Section 146G (2) & 146M (2) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 335.
Section 146H (2) & 146N (2) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 336.
Section 146H (3) & 146N (3) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 337.
Section 146H (4) & 146N (4) of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 338.
Section 146J & 146P of the Broadcasting Services Act.
- 339.
Australian Broadcasting Authority 2000, 10.
- 340.
Ibid., 24.
- 341.
Ibid., 9.
- 342.
Ibid., 24.
- 343.
Ibid., 15, 16.
- 344.
- 345.
Bruce Meagher, Director, Strategy and Communications Division, SBS cited in Standing Committee on Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts 2006, para 3.103.
- 346.
- 347.
Standing Committee on Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts 2006, para 3.99.
- 348.
Lefever and Werkers 2010, 404.
- 349.
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 2009, 17.
- 350.
Lefever and Van Rompuy 2009, 267.
- 351.
- 352.
CJ, François De Coster v Collège des bourgmestre et échevins de Watermael-Boitsfort, para 28.
- 353.
Valcke et al. 2010, 264, 265.
- 354.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 49; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 53; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 45.
- 355.
CJ, Procureur du Roi v Marc J.V.C. Debauve, para 12.
- 356.
CJ, Commission v Kingdom of the Netherlands, para 19.
- 357.
European Commission 2002b, 7.
- 358.
See e.g. CJ, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda et al. v Commissariaat voor de Media; CJ, United Pan-Europe Communications Belgium SA, Coditel Brabant SPRL, Société Intercommunale pour la Diffusion de la Télévision (Brutélé), Wolu TV ASBL v État belge (hereafter: UPC Belgium case).
- 359.
Rapid Press Releases 2007a.
- 360.
Commission of the European Communities 2007a, SEC(2007) 32, 5.
- 361.
Valcke 2004, 337.
- 362.
At European level, the must-carry obligation is included in Article 31 of the 2002/22/EC (hereafter: Universal Service Directive).
- 363.
UPC Belgium case, para 41.
- 364.
UPC Belgium case, paras 47 and 51; Valcke et al. 2010, 266, 267.
- 365.
CJ, Elliniki Radiophonia Tiléorassi AE and Panellinia Omospondia Syllogon Prossopikou v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis and Sotirios Kouvelas and Nicolaos Avdellas and others, para 43.
- 366.
Ibid., para 45.
- 367.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 48; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 52; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 44.
- 368.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, paras 51 and 158; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, paras 55 and 127; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 47.
- 369.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 53; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 57; GC, UEFA v European Commission, para 49.
- 370.
Tichy 2004, 5.
- 371.
Ibid., 5; Klabbers 2009, 151.
- 372.
Tichy 2004, 6.
- 373.
Klabbers 2009, 165.
- 374.
Dommering 2008, 76.
- 375.
UPC Belgium case, para 44.
- 376.
Ibid., para 51.
- 377.
Ibid., para 51.
- 378.
European Commission 2002b, 8.
- 379.
Article 31, § 1 of the Universal Service Directive.
- 380.
European Commission 2002b, 8.
- 381.
UPC Belgium case, para 46.
- 382.
Rapid Press Releases 2009. Although Belgium amended the Electronic Communications Act of the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital in March 2007, the European Commission was of the opinion that it concerns on proportionality and transparency of the must-carry rules were not addressed (Rapid Press Releases 2008c, 2009).
- 383.
CJ, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda et al.v Commissariaat voor de Media, para 15; CJ, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Rundfunkanstalten (ARD) v PRO Sieben Media AG, para 51.
- 384.
European Commission 2002b, 7.
- 385.
CJ, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda et al.v Commissariaat voor de Media, para 15.
- 386.
Parliament of Australia 1998b, Regulation impact statement, paras 16 and 34.
- 387.
Ibid., para 36.
- 388.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 108; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 86.
- 389.
GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-68/08, para 132; GC, FIFA v European Commission, Case T-385/07, para 111.
- 390.
Castendyk 2008, 443, 444.
- 391.
ECHR, Groppera Radio AG and others v. Switzerland, para 55.
- 392.
Parliament of Australia 1998b, Regulation impact statement, paras 15, 16.
- 393.
- 394.
ECHR, Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, para 49.
- 395.
Dommering 2008, 43.
- 396.
ECHR, Groppera Radio AG and others v. Switzerland, paras 69, 70; ECHR, Autronic AG v. Switzerland, paras 58, 59; Marauhn 2007, 117.
- 397.
ECHR, Bladet Tromsø and Stensaas v. Norway, para 58; ECHR, Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, para 62.
- 398.
Voorhoof 1995, 59.
- 399.
See e.g. ECHR, Handyside v. the United Kingdom, para 49; ECHR, Perna v. Italy, para 39.
- 400.
Council of Europe 2007, 9.
- 401.
Helberger 2003, 81.
- 402.
Scheuer and Schoenthal 2008, 419.
- 403.
- 404.
Helberger 2005, 106.
- 405.
De Standaard 2009.
- 406.
Football events involving national teams have a special general resonance in Belgium as they give Belgian teams the opportunity to promote Belgian football at international level (Commission decision of 25 June 2007).
- 407.
Article 1, § 1 of the Order of the Flemish Government establishing the list of events of major importance to society.
- 408.
- 409.
Protocol (No. 32) annexed to the EC Treaty on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States.
- 410.
Ofcom 2008b, 23.
- 411.
Protocol (No. 32) annexed to the EC Treaty on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States; Katsirea 2008, i.
- 412.
Article 6 (3) of the EC Treaty.
- 413.
Protocol (No. 32) annexed to the EC Treaty on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States; Ridinger 2009, 6.
- 414.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2006a, Article 4.
- 415.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2006b, Clauses 8 & 10.
- 416.
BBC Trust 2007, 1 & 7.
- 417.
Commission decision, 22 June 2006, para 79.
- 418.
- 419.
German public broadcaster state aid case, para 242; Rapid Press Releases 2007b, 2.
- 420.
German public broadcaster state aid case, para 335.
- 421.
European Commission, 27 February 2008, para 87.
- 422.
Commission decision, 22 June 2006, para 23.
- 423.
Commission decision, 10 December 2003, para 72.
- 424.
Rowe 2004, 388.
- 425.
Wessberg 2000.
References
Legislation and Policy Documents UNESCO
UNESCO, What is public service broadcasting?. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1525&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Accessed 23 August 2010
European Union Protocols
Protocol (No. 32) annexed to the EC Treaty on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States. OJ (1997) C 340/109
Communications
European Commission (1997) Communication of the European Commission, on the initiative of Commissioner Marcellino Oreja, on exclusive rights for TV broadcasting of major (sports) events. 5 Febr 1997, SEC(1997)0174/9
Commission of the European Communities (2003a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting (from digital ‘switchover’ to analogue ‘switch-off’). 17 Sept 2003, COM(2003) 541 final
Commission of the European Communities (2003b) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The future of European regulatory audiovisual policy. 15 Dec 2003, COM(2003) 784 final
Commission of the European Communities (2005) Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on accelerating the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting. 24 May 2005, COM(2005) 204 final
Decisions
European Parliament decision on the common position adopted by the Council with a view to the adoption of a European Parliament and Council Directive amending Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities (C4-0380/96—95/0074(COD)) (Codecision procedure: second reading). OJ (1996) C 362/0056
Commission decision of 2 April 2003 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement (Case No COMP/M. 2876. Newscorp/Telepiù). OJ (2004) L 110/73
Commission decision of 23 July 2003 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement, COMP/C.2-37.398—Joint selling of the commercial rights of the UEFA Champions League. OJ (2003) L 291/25
Commission decision of 10 December 2003 on State aid implemented by France for France 2 and France 3 (notified under document number C(2003) 4497). OJ (2004) L 361/21
Commission decision of 22 June 2006 on the ad hoc financing of Dutch public service broadcasters, C 2/2004 (EX NN 170/2003). OJ (2008) L 49/1
European Commission decision of 24 April 2007, State aid E 3/2005 (ex- CP 2/2003, CP 232/2002, CP 43/2003, CP 243/2004 and CP 195/2004)—Financing of public service broadcasters in Germany, C (2007) 1761 final
Commission decision of 25 June 2007 on the compatibility with Community law of measures taken by Belgium pursuant to Article 3a(1) of Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities. OJ (2007) L 180/24
Commission decision of 16 October 2007 on the compatibility with Community law of measures taken by the United Kingdom pursuant to Article 3a(1) of Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities. OJ (2007) L 295/12
European Commission State aid E 4/2005 (ex NN 99/1999)—Ireland. State financing of Radio Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) and Teilifís na Gaeilge (TG4), 27 Febr 2008, C(2008)723 final
Directives
European Parliament and Council Directive 2002/22/EC of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive). OJ (2002) L 108/51
European Parliament and Council Directive 2010/13/EU of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive). OJ (2010) L 95/1
European Parliament and Council Directive of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services Directive). OJ (2010) L 95/1
Notifications
Commission of the European Communities (2000) Notification of 14 July 2000 pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation (EEC), No 4064/89 (Case No COMP/M.2050—Vivendi/Canal+/Seagram), 13 Oct 2000
Reports
Commission of the European Communities (2003) Fourth Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the application of Directive 89/552/EEC “Television without Frontiers”. 6 January 2003, COM(2002) 778 final
Resolutions
Committee of the Regions (1997) Resolution of the Committee of the Regions on the ‘Broadcasting rights of major sport events. OJ (1997) C 379/67
European Parliament (1996) Resolution on the broadcasting of sports events. OJ (1996) C 166/109
Commission Staff Working Documents
Commission of the European Communities (2007) Commission Staff working document—Media pluralism in the Member States of the European Union. 16 January 2007, SEC(2007) 32
White Papers
Commission of the European Communities (2007) White Paper on Sport. 11 July 2007, COM (2007) 391 final
Press releases
Rapid Press Releases (2005a) State aid: Commission requests Germany, Ireland and The Netherlands to clarify role and financing of public service broadcasters, 3 March 2005, IP/05/250
Rapid Press Releases (2005b) State aid: Commission closes inquiries into French, Italian and Spanish public broadcasters following commitments to amend funding systems, 20 April 2005, IP/05/458
Rapid Press Releases (2006) State aid: Commission requests Belgium to clarify financing of public service broadcaster VRT, 20 July 2006, IP/06/1043
Rapid Press Releases (2007a) Media pluralism: Commission stresses need for transparency, freedom and diversity in Europe’s media landscape, 16 January 2007, IP/07/52
Rapid Press Releases (2007b) State aid: Commission closes investigation regarding the financing regime for German public service broadcasters—frequently asked questions, 24 April 2007, MEMO/07/150
Rapid Press Releases (2008a) State aid: Commission requests Austria to clarify financing of public service broadcaster ORF, 31 January 2008, IP/08/130
Rapid Press Releases (2008b) State aid: Commission closes investigation into financing of Flemish public service broadcaster VRT, 27 Febr 2008
Rapid Press Releases (2008c) Telecoms Rules: Belgium receives final warning on broadcasting “must-carry” rules, 6 May 2008, IP/08/699
Rapid Press Releases (2009) Telecoms: Legal action against Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden closed while Belgian must-carry rules case goes to Court, 8 Oct 2009, IP/09/1491
Speeches
Reding R (2004) Sport and television: ready to face new challenges? SPEECH/04/448
Miscellaneous
DCMS (2005) Final report on Working Group 2: rights to information and short extracts, Liverpool audiovisual conference—between culture and commerce, Liverpool, 20–22 Sept 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/reg/modernisation/liverpool_2005/uk-conference-report-en.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
European Commission (2002a) Market definition in the media sector: economic issues. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/studies/european_economics.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
European Commission (2002b) Working Document—Subject: ‘Must-carry’ obligations under the 2003 regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/doc/current/broadcasting/working_doc_must_carry.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2010
European Commission (2005) Issues Paper for the audiovisual conference in Liverpool—right to information and right to short reporting, July 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/reg/modernisation/issue_papers/ispa_shortrep_en.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
European Parliament (2002) Public hearing ‘sports and audiovisual rights’—background note—subject: sports and TV rights. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/committees/cult/20020417/465312en.pdf. Accessed 2 Sept 2010
Oreja Marcellino (1997) Communication de M. Oreja à la Commission—Droits exclusifs pour la télédiffusion des événements majeurs, notamment sportifs, 3 February 1997
Council of Europe Conventions
Council of Europe (2009b) Revision of the European convention on transfrontier television, Draft Council of Europe Convention on Transfrontier Audiovisual Media Services, T-TT(2009)013FIN_en, 24 Sept 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/T-TT/T-TT_2009_13FIN_en%20Provisional%20agreemt%20on%20draft%20amendts%20to%20ECTT+preamble.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
Protocols
Council of Europe (2009c) Draft second protocol amending the European Convention on Transfrontier Television and its explanatory report, T-TT(2009)007FIN_en, 24 Sept 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/T-TT/T-TT_2009_007FIN_en%20second%20protocol%20amendment.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
Reports
Council of Europe (2003) Report by Dr Andreas Grünwald1 on possible options for the review of the European Convention on Transfrontier Television, 24 April 2003, T-TT (2003) 2. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/T-TT/T-TT(2003)002_en.pd. Accessed 21 August 2010
Council of Europe (2009a) Draft Explanatory Report to the revised European Convention on Transfrontier Television updated following the consultation on 25–27 Febr 2009. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/T-TT/T-TT_2009_009_en%20Preliminary%20Draft%20Expl%20Rep%20ECTT.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
Miscellaneous
Council of Europe (2001) Main lines of the convention—European Convention on Transfrontier Television. http://www.humanrights.coe.int/Media/topics/broadcasting/transfrontier/convention_on_transfrontier_tv.htm. Accessed 20 August 2010
Council of Europe (2002) Guidelines for the implementation of Article 9a European Convention on Transfrontier Television, 4 Dec 2002, T-TT (2002) 018. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/t-tt/T-TT(2002)018rev1_en.asp. Accessed 20 August 2010
Council of Europe (2011) Transfrontier television: the revision of the convention discontinued, 4 Febr 2011. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/t-tt/default_EN.asp. Accessed 15 March 2011
Australia Legislation
Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/abca1983361/. Accessed 21 August 2010
Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sbsa1991254/. Accessed 21 August 2010
Broadcasting Services Act 1992. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/bsa1992214/. Accessed 21 August 2010
Parliament of Australia (1998) Broadcasting Services Amendment Bill 1998. Bills Digest No. 6 1998-99
Parliament of Australia (1998) Regulation impact statement, attached to the Explanatory Memorandum of the Broadcasting Services Amendment Bill 1998. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill_em/bsab1998304/memo1.html. Accessed 21 August 2010
Parliament of Australia (1999) Broadcasting Services Amendment Act (No. 1) 1999, No. 197, 1999. http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/Act1.nsf/0/9FAA18A746474E87CA25743200099306/$file/19799.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Parliament of Australia (1999) Broadcasting Services Amendment Bill (No. 1) 1999. Bills Digest No. 58 1999-2000
Broadcasting Services (Designated Series of Events) Declaration No. 1 of 2000. http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/5940AD4E8F02BADECA256F7B00110FE1?OpenDocument. Accessed 21 August 2010
Parliament of Australia (2004) Broadcasting Services Amendment (Anti-Siphoning) Bill 2004. Bills Digest No. 73 2004-05
Communications (Redundant Regulation) Instrument of Revocation (No. 1) 2009. http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/0BD892DD094D216ACA25768C007E7760?OpenDocument. Accessed 21 August 2010
Standing Committee on Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (2006) Broadcasting Legislation Amendment (Digital Television) Bill 2006. http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/ecita_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/cross_media/report/report.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Reports
Productivity Commission (2000) Broadcasting Inquiry Report—Report No. 11. http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/26598/broadcst.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
Australian Broadcasting Authority (2001) Investigation into events on the anti-siphoning list—Report to the Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2001/aba/anti_siphRpt.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
ACMA (2006) Anti-siphoning Monitoring Investigation. Interim Report No. 1. http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/_assets/main/lib101062/acma_anitsiphoning_interim_report_1_2006.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
ACMA (2007) Anti-siphoning Monitoring Investigation. Report No. 5. http://www.acma.gov.au/antisiphoningreport/5/start.htm. Accessed 21 August 2010
Investigations
Australian Broadcasting Authority (2000) Investigation into the implementation of the anti-hoarding rules—Issues paper. http://www.acma.gov.au/webwr/aba/newspubs/radio_tv/investigations/documents/general/ahi_ip.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Miscellaneous
Australian Government (2006) Meeting the digital challenge—reforming Australia’s media in the digital age—discussion paper on media reform options. http://www.archive.dcita.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/37572/Media_consultation_paper_Final_.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (2009) Sport on television: a review of the anti-siphoning scheme in the contemporary digital environment—discussion paper. http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/118864/Sport_on_Television_Review_discussion_paper.pdf. Accessed 19 August 2010
Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (2010) Future anti-siphoning list, 25 November 2010. http://afr.com/rw/2009-2014/AFR/2010/11/25/Photos/3808ab0a-f88f-11df-a2c9-b1a91965d87a_anti-siphoning.pdf. Accessed 29 November 2010
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport (2009) Review of free-to-air listed events. http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/independentpanelreport-to-SoS-Free-to-air-Nov2009.pdf. Accessed 19 Novemb 2009 [no longer available]
Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (2010a) SBS to broadcast all 2010 FIFA World Cup Games live. 16 May 2010. http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/media/media_releases/2010/048. Accessed 21 August 2010
Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (2010b) Anti-siphoning scheme—frequently asked questions, 25 Novemb 2010. http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/131464/101123_Anti-siphoning_Reforms_-_FAQs.pdf. Accessed 29 Novemb 2010
Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (2010c) Anti-siphoning scheme—fact sheet, 25 Novemb 2010. http://resources.news.com.au/files/2010/11/25/1225961/029472-anti-siphoning-factsheet.pdf. Accessed 29 Novemb 2010
Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (2006) ‘Use it or lose it’ guidelines released for anti-siphoning sport. http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/coonan/media/media_releases/use_it_or_lose_it_guidelines_released_for_anti-siphoning_sport. Accessed 21 August 2010
Austria Legislation
Federal Act on the exercise of exclusive television broadcasting rights 2001 [Fernseh-Exclusivrechtegesetz], Austrian Federal Law Gazette I No 85/2001
Ordinance on events of substantial social interest [Verordnung der Bundesregierung über Ereignisse von erheblicher gesellschaftlicher Bedeutung], Austrian Federal Law Gazette II No 305/2001
Belgium Legislation
Order of the Flemish Government of 28 May 2004 establishing the list of events of major importance to society [Besluit houdende vaststelling van de lijst van evenementen van aanzienlijk belang voor de samenleving], Belgian State Gazette, 19 August 2004
Order of 8 June 2004 designating events of major importance and determining the procedures for making them accessible, Belgian State Gazette 6 Sept 2004 [Arrêté désignant les événements d’intérêt majeur et fixant les modalités de leur accès]
Vlaams Parlement (2008) Explanatory Memorandum [Memorie van Toelichting—Ontwerp van Decreet betreffende de radio-omroep en televisie], 19 Dec 2008, 2014/1. http://docs.vlaamsparlement.be/docs/stukken/2008-2009/g2014-1.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
French Community Media Decree of 27 February 2003, Belgian State Gazette 17 April 2003 [Décret sur la radiodiffusion], last amended and renamed by the French Community Decree of 5 Febr 2009 into “French Community Audiovisual Media Services Act”; coordinated by the Decree of 26 March 2009, Belgian State Gazette 27 July 2009
Flemish Community Media Decree of 27 March 2009 [Decreet betreffende radio—omroep en televisie], Belgian State Gazette, 30 April 2009, modified by the Decree of 24 July 2009, Belgian State Gazette, 16 Sept 2009
Vlaamse Regering (2011a) Explanatory Memorandum of a draft proposal amending Flemish Media Decree of 27 March 2009 [Memorie van Toelichting—Voorontwerp van decreet houdende wijziging van diverse bepalingen van het decreet van 27 maart 2009 betreffende radio-omroep en televisie]
Vlaamse Regering (2011b). Draft proposal amending Flemish Media Decree of 27 March 2009 [Voorontwerp van decreet houdende wijziging van diverse bepalingen van het decreet van 27 maart 2009 betreffende radio-omroep en televisie]
Miscellaneous
Commissie voor Cultuur, Jeugd, Sport en Media (2010) Parliamentary proceedings [Handelingen], 18 May 2010. http://docs.vlaamsparlement.be/docs/handelingen_commissies/2009-2010/c0m227cul31-18052010.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Studiedienst van de Vlaamse Regering (2009) Vrind 2009. Vlaamse Regionale Indicatoren. Vlaamse Overheid: Brussel. http://www4.vlaanderen.be/dar/svr/afbeeldingennieuwtjes/algemeen/bijlagen/vrind2009/2009-07-01-vrind2009-volledig-blw.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Denmark Legislation
Order No 138 of 19 February 1998 [Bekendtgørelse om udnyttelse af tv-rettigheder til begivenheder af væsentlig samfundsmæssig interesse]. OJ (1999) C 14/6
Revocation of the Danish Order on the use of TV rights to events of major importance to society. OJ (2002) C 45/7
France Legislation
Decree No 2004-1392 of 22 December 2004 applying Article 20-2 of Law No 86-1067 of 30 September 1986 on the freedom of communication [Décret no 2004-1392 du 22 décembre 2004 pris pour l’application de l’article 20-2 de la loi no 86-1067 du 30 septembre 1986 relative à la liberté de communication], French Official Gazette, 24 Dec 2004
Germany Legislation
Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting of 31 August 1991, last amended by the Twelfth Interstate Treaty for Amending the Interstate Treaties of 18 December 2008 [Rundfunkstaatsvertrag], German Federal Law Gazette, 27 March 2008
Ireland Legislation
Broadcasting (major events television coverage) Act. Statute Book S.I. 28/1999
Broadcasting (Major Events Television Coverage) Act 1999 (Designation of Major Events) Order 2003, Irish Statute Book S.I. 99/2003
Irish Parliament (1999) Parliamentary Debates—Major Events Television Coverage Bill, 1999: Second Stage (Resumed). http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0505/D.0505.199906020005.html. Accessed 21 August 2010
Italy Legislation
Decision No 8/1999 of 9 March 1999 [Delibera n. 8/99 modificata dalla delibera n. 172/1999], Official Gazette No 119 of 24 May 1999, as amended by Decision No 172/1999 of 28 July 1999, Italian Official Gazette No 192 of 17 August 1999
Poland Legislation
Broadcasting Act of 29 December 1992 [Ustawa o Radiofonii i Telewizji]. Pol Off J 1993, No 7, item 34, 1993, as amended
The Netherlands Legislation
Media Act of 29 December 2008 [Wet van 29 december 2008 tot vaststelling van een nieuwe Mediawet], State Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008/583
Media Decree of 29 December 2008 [Besluit van 29 december 2008 houdende vaststelling van een nieuw Mediabesluit], State Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008-585
UK Legislation
Broadcasting Act 1996. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1996/cukpga_19960055_en_11. Accessed 21 August 2010
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2006a) Copy of Royal Charter for the continuance of the British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement/bbc_royal_charter.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2010
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2006b) An agreement between Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport and the British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement/bbcagreement_july06.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2010
Consultations
Ofcom (2007a) Pay TV market investigation—consultation document. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/market_invest_paytv/summary/pay_tv.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Ofcom (2007b) Summary of UK sports rights—Annex 10 to pay TV market investigation consultation. http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/market_invest_paytv/annex_10.pdf. Accessed 18 August 2010
Ofcom (2008) Code on sports and other listed and designated events, 2 Sept 2008, http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/code_sprt_lstd_evts/ofcom_code_on_sport.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
Ofcom (2008b) Ofcom review of Public Service Television Broadcasting (summary of phase 1 consultation responses). http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/psb/psb_resp_summary.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2010
Ofcom (2009) Pay TV phase three document: proposed remedies. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/third_paytv/summary/paytv_condoc.pdf. Accessed 18 August 2010
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2009) Free to air—consultation introduction. http://www.culture.gov.uk/freetoair/consultation/introduction.html. Accessed 20 August 2010
Reports
House of Commons—Culture, Media and Sport Committee (2006) Broadcasting rights for cricket. Ashes to Ashes—the death knell for live Test match cricket on free-to-air TV? http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmcumeds/720/720.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Independent Advisory Panel to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport (2009) Review of free-to-air listed events. http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/independentpanelreport-to-SoS-Free-to-air-Nov2009.pdf. Accessed 19 Novemb 2009 (no longer available)
Miscallanious
DCMS, coverage of sport on television. http://www.culture.gov.uk/PDF/sport_on_television.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2010
Ministry for Culture, Media and Sports (1997) Communication—notes for guidance on the listing of major sports events, included in Commission Decision of 16 October 2007 on the compatibility with Community law of measures taken by the United Kingdom pursuant to Article 3a(1) of Council Directive 89/552/EEC on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities. OJ (2007) L 295/12
Others
IOC (2007) Olympic charter. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf. Accessed 21 August 2010
Case law Court of Justice
CJ, Procureur du Roi v Marc J.V.C. Debauve, 18 March 1980, Case 52/79, ECR (1980) I-833
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Lefever, K. (2012). ‘List of Major Events’ Mechanism. In: New Media and Sport. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-873-6_14
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